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Scientific Data Documentation
Dental History (1982-1984)
DSN: CC37.HSPHANES.DENTAL ABSTRACT General Information Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mexican Americans Tape Number 6505 DENTAL HEALTH Version 1 February 1986 Description The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted from July 1982 through December 1984. The data on the tape documented here are from one portion of that survey -- Mexican Americans residing in selected counties in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. They were surveyed at 17 locations in these Southwestern states from July 1982 through December 1983. Of 9,894 persons in the sample, 8,554 were interviewed. Of those, 7,462 were examined. BACKGROUND The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) collects, analyzes, and disseminates data on the health status of Americans. The results of surveys, analyses, and studies are made known primarily through publications and the release of computer data tapes. This document contains details required to guide programmers, statistical analysts, and research scientists in the use of a Public Use Data Tape. From 1960 through 1980 NCHS conducted five population-based, national health examination surveys. Each survey involved collecting data by direct physical examination, the taking of a medical history, and laboratory and clinical tests and measurements. Questionnaires and examination components have been designed to obtain and support analyses of data on certain targeted conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and anemia. Beginning with the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) a nutrition component was added to obtain information on nutritional status and dietary practices. The number of Hispanics in these samples were, however, insufficient to enable adequate estimation of their health conditions. Between 1982 and 1984 a Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted to obtain data on the health and nutritional status of three Hispanic groups: Mexican Americans from Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California; Cuban Americans from Data County, Florida; and Puerto Ricans from the New York City area, including parts of New Jersey and Connecticut. The general structure of the HHANES sample design was similar to that of the previous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. All of these studies have used complex, multistage, stratified, clustered samples of defined populations. The major difference between HHANES and the previous surveys is that HHANES was a survey of three special subgroups of the population in selected areas of the United States rather than a national probability sample. A detailed presentation of the design specifications is found in Chapter 5 of "Plan and Operation of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84" (Ref. No. 1). METHODS Data Collection and Processing Procedures Questionnaires Administered Data collection began with a household interview. Several questionnaires were administered: o A Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ), administered at each selected address, for determining household eligibility and for selecting sample persons. A Family Questionnaire (FQ), administered once for each family containing sample persons, that included sections on family relationships, basic demographic information, Medicare and health insurance coverage, participation in income assistance programs, and housing characteristics. o An Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (ASPQ), for persons 12 through 74 years that, depending on age, included sections on health status measures (including dental conditions and care), health services utilization, smoking (20 through 74 years), meal program participation, and acculturation. Information on the use of medicines and vitamins in the past two weeks was also obtained. o A Child Sample Person Questionnaire (CSPQ), for sample persons 6 months through 11 years that included sections on a number of health status issues (including dental condition and care), health care utilization, infant feeding practices, participation in meal programs, school attendance, and language use. Information on the use of medicines and vitamins in the past two weeks was also obtained. At the Mobile Examination Center two questionnaires were administered and an examination performed: o An Adult Sample Person Supplement (ASPS), for sample persons 12 through 74 years, that included sections on alcohol consumption, drug abuse, depression, smoking (12 through 19 years), pesticide exposure, and reproductive history. o A Dietary Questionnaire (DQ), for persons 6 months through 74 years, by which trained dietary interviewers collected information about "usual" consumption habits and dietary practices, and recorded foods consumed 24-hours prior to midnight of the interview. o Depending upon age group, the examination included a variety of tests and procedures. A dentist performed a dental examination and a vision test. Technicians took blood and urine specimens and administered a glucose tolerance test, X-rays, electrocardiograms, and ultrasonographs of the gallbladder. Technicians also performed hearing tests and took a variety of body measurements. A physician performed a medical examination focusing especially on the cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as recording impressions of overall health, nutritional and weight status, and health care needs. Some blood and urine specimen analyses were performed by technicians in the examination center; others were conducted under contract at various laboratories. Data presented in Sections E through H and the family relationships data in Section J were collected on Household Screener and Family Questionnaires. These interview schedules were administered in sample persons' households. Completed interview schedules were reviewed in the Survey's field offices and again at the data processing center of NCHS by clerical editors. The editors checked the forms for completeness, clarity, and compliance with skip patterns, and they coded items such as industry and occupation. At the data processing center the questionnaires were keyed and verified on key-to-disk data entry equipment under the control of programs that checked for valid codes and ranges, compliance with skip patterns, and performed some consistency checks. After being keyed, data were reedited with additional edits for reasonableness and consistency and for compliance with instructions for sampling and questionnaire administration. Tape Description Format The general tape description format is Tape Position X Item X Counts. The item (field) may be a tape descriptor (e.g., Version Number), a sample person descriptor (e.g., Age at Interview), or a question (e.g., Is sample person covered by Medicare?). Where appropriate, data entries are presented by codes. Frequency counts are given for each code. The counts are included to help the user in planning analyses and in verifying that programs account for all data. In some cases, a note is referenced. The notes (Section N) contain explanations of the item (e.g., how Poverty Index is calculated) and of the responses (e.g., reason for missing data). The data source is given also (e.g., from Family Questionnaire). Missing data or unintelligible entries were assigned a code, usually an "8", which is labeled as "blank but applicable". These codes indicate that a sample person should have a data value for a particular item but for varying reasons that value is unavailable. Examinations and Recording of Results General Information Dental examinations and the recording of results were the responsibility of a dentist and a health technician who were employees of contractors to NCHS (Westat and Development Associates). Thorough training was given to these professionals to assure standardized adherence to survey design procedures. Specific information and detailed procedures were provided the dental examiners and technicians in a "Dental Examiners Manual." The information in this section has been abstracted from that manual. It is on file at NCHS (Ref. No. 11). Part of it, "DMF and df Index", is reproduced in the Appendix. In it are the criteria for diagnosing caries as well as missing and filled teeth. Each Mobile Examination Center also had, as part of its professional team, a coordinator who, among other duties, facilitated sample person flow through the center. The dentist or recorder would go to the coordinator's station to receive the next sample person scheduled for a dental and vision exam (also conducted by the dentist) and bring him or her to the examination room. There the sample person's name and identification number, as well as the time of day, were entered into a Dental and Vision Exam Log. Upon completion of the examinations, the recorder or dentist recorded the time of day and checked off those forms that were completed before returning the sample person to the coordinator's station. The dentist, on examining the sample person, would call out findings to the recorder (health technician) for entry on the Dental Examination Form (DEF). The meanings of these calls are described on the following pages. After the calls were completed the recorder would edit the form for consistency and completeness and the dentist would verify that the calls were correctly recorded. The DEF was a specially designed optical scanning form. Completed DEF's were sent to the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) where they were scanned and placed on magnetic tape. Staff from NIDR performed most of the data editing and validation. Order of Examination The order of the examination was as follows: Periodontal Index Oral Hygiene Index Orthodontic Treatment Calls Severe Malocclusion Index Edentulous Arches/Denture Status Index Surface Status, Tooth Status, and Treatment Need Periodontal Index In performing the examination the dentist would start by calling findings to complete the Periodontal Index portion of the Dental Examination Form. The procedure followed was that developed by Russell (Ref. No. 12). Starting with the Central Incisor of the Upper Left Quadrant, the dentist made calls on all teeth in that quadrant followed by those in the Upper Right, Lower Left, and Lower Right Quadrants. Codes: 0 = No positive findings. There is neither overt inflammation in the investing tissues nor loss of function due to destruction of supporting tissues. 1 = Mild gingivitis. There is an overt area of inflammation in the free gingivae, but the area does not circumscribe the tooth. 2 = Gingivitis. Inflammation completely circumscribes the tooth; but there is no apparent break in the epithelial attachment. 6 = Gingivitis with pocket formation. The epithelial attachment has been broken and there is a pocket (not merely a deepened gigival crevice due to swelling in the free gingivae). There is no interference with normal masticatory function. The tooth is firm in its socket and has not drifted. 8 = Advanced destruction with loss of masticatory function. The tooth may be loose, may have drifted, or may sound dull on percussion with a metallic instrument. 9 = Tooth missing or not recorded. Investigations after data collection showed that the way periodontal scores were recorded will not allow analysis of data for individual teeth. Periodontal data are therefore presented only by arch, and scores for individual teeth are not included in this file. Oral Hygiene Index Next the dentist gave calls for the Oral Hygiene Index. The procedure followed was that developed by Green (Ref. No. 13). The dentist made one pass through the mouth giving a debris call and a calculus call for each of these target teeth (primary molars in children, permanent molars in adults): Upper Left First Molar (if missing, the Upper Left Second Molar) Upper Right Central Incisor (if missing, the Upper Left Central Incisor) Upper Right First Molar (if missing, the Upper Right Second Molar) Lower Left First Molar (if missing, the Lower Left Second Molar) Lower Left Central Incisor (if missing, the Lower Right Central Incisor) Lower Right First Molar (if missing, the Lower Right Second Molar) Oral hygiene was recorded on primary or permanent teeth if any target tooth for the index was erupted into the occlusal plane. The primary molars are the first and second bicuspids. The target permanent molars are those shown above; however, third molars were used in some cases when neither of the other molars was present. Lateral incisors were also used in some cases when neither central incisor was present. Oral hygiene may not have been scored if orthodontic bands were present, or if all target teeth were badly decayed with loss of anatomy or were missing. Examination for oral hygiene was not conducted on persons with a history of rheumatic heart disease or rheumatic fever. There are five records in the file having oral hygiene codes for areas in the mouth in which the status of all target teeth is shown as code 9, missing for unknown reason. Because this code is also used for teeth not recorded on the Dental Examination Form, and because the presence of periodontal scores or treatment needs suggests that target teeth were present, the reported oral hygiene scores for these records remain in this file. Analysts should be aware that for these five records it is not possible to define correspondence between target tooth status codes and oral hygiene scores. Codes for Oral Debris: 0 = No debris or stain present (None) 1 = Soft debris covering not more than the gingival third of the tooth surface OR the presence of extrinsic stains without debris regardless of surface area covered. (1/3) 2 = Soft debris covering more than one-third but not more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface. (2/3) 3 = Soft debris covering more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface. (2/3+) 9 = Not scored: missing teeth, badly decayed teeth with loss of anatomy, or teeth with orthodontic bands; or persons with a history of rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. (NA) Codes for Oral Calculus: 0 = No calculus present. (None) 1 = Supragingival calculus covering not more than one-third of the exposed tooth surface. (1/3) 2 = Supragingival calculus covering more than one-third but not more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface, OR when individual flecks of subgingival calculus are present around the cervical portion of the tooth. (2/3) 3 = Supragingival calculus covering more than two-thirds of the exposed tooth surface OR a continuous heavy band of subgingival calculus around the cervical portion of the tooth. (2/3+) 9 = Not scored: missing teeth, badly decayed teeth with loss of anatomy, or teeth with orthodontic bands; or persons with a history of rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. (NA) Orthodontic Treatment Calls The dental examiner determined if orthodontic treatment was in progress or had been previously performed. The procedure followed was that of NIDR. Each examinee was asked if he or she had ever had his or her teeth straightened or had bands put on them. A record for a child one year old having twelve primary teeth present shows orthodontics in progress. Because the original Dental Examination Form for this child verifies that orthodontics in progress was recorded, the data have not been changed. Codes for Orthodontic Treatment in Progress: 1 = Yes 3 = No 9 = Not recorded Codes for Previous Orthodontic Treatment: 1 = Yes 3 = No 5 = Don't know 9 = Not recorded Severe Malocclusion Index The dentist called out whether the sample person had severe malocclusion. Codes for Severe Malocclusion 1 = Yes 3 = No 9 = Not recorded Edentulous Arches/Denture Status If the sample person was missing all teeth from the upper arch or lower arch, or both arches, the examiner gave a call for the Edentulous Arches/Denture Status Index. No call was given for an arch if the sample person had any teeth in it. For a denture to be deemed Defective, there had to be visible evidence that it was causing extensive destruction of the primary stress-bearing areas of the ridge or palate. Tissue in these areas may have been acutely inflamed, bone resorption may have occurred, and hypertrophied tissue may have been present. The denture was also defective if it was in the possession of the examinee at the time of the examination but not in the mouth. Codes for Upper Arch: 0 = Teeth present or predentulous 1 = Denture absent 3 = Denture present 5 = Defective denture present 9 = Not recorded Codes for Lower Arch: 0 = Teeth present or predentulous 1 = Denture absent 3 = Denture present 5 = Defective denture present 9 = Not recorded Surface Status and Tooth Status The dentist examined each tooth (of 32 possible teeth) to determine the condition of its surfaces (Surface Status) and its overall status (Tooth Status). These findings provided the DMF (Decayed Missing Filled) data. Analysts should be aware that teeth in edentulous arches were usually not marked on the Dental Examination Form. These teeth appear in the file as code 9 missing for non-carious or unknown reasons, for both surface status and tooth status. In predentulous records, primary teeth appear as code 0 unerupted primary teeth, while molars appear as code 4, unerupted permanent teeth. Teeth Examined* Surfaces Examined* Central Incisor (CI) Lingual (L) = towards the tongue Lateral Incisor (LI) Buccal (B) = outside, away from the tongue Cuspid (C) Mesial (M) = facing front of mouth First Bicuspid (FB) Distal (D) = facing the back of mouth Second Bicuspid (SB) Occlusal (O) = biting surface First Molar (FM) Second Molar (SM) Third Molar (TM) *Abbreviations used in tables of findings. Surface Status Codes: 0 = Unerupted primary surface (this code is used in predentulous records only; unerupted surfaces in other records are coded as unerupted permanent). 1 = Sound primary surface 2 = Decayed primary surface 3 = Filled primary surface without decay (coded 2 if decay present) 4 = Unerupted permanent surface 5 = Sound permanent surface 6 = Decayed permanent surface 7 = Filled permanent surface (coded 6 if decay present) 8 = Missing permanent surface because of caries 9 = Missing permanent surface for non-carious or unknown reason. This code is also used for surfaces not recorded on the Dental Examination Form. Blank = Occlusal surface of incisor or cuspid Tooth Status Codes: 0 = Unerupted primary tooth (this code is used in predentulous records only; unerupted teeth in other records are coded as unerupted permanent). 1 = Sound primary tooth 2 = Decayed primary tooth 3 = Filled primary tooth without decay (coded 2 if decay present) 4 = Unerupted permanent tooth 5 = Sound permanent tooth 6 = Decayed permanent tooth 7 = Filled permanent tooth (coded 6 if decay present) 8 = Missing permanent tooth because of caries 9 = Missing permanent tooth for non-carious or unknown reason. This code is also used for teeth not recorded on the Dental Examination Form. Treatment Needs Need for treatment was assessed following the procedure developed by NIDR (Dental Restorative Treatment Need Index). Codes 00 = No treatment needed 10 = One 1-surface restoration needed 19 = One 1-surface restoration AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 20 = One 2-surface restoration needed; OR two 1-surface restorations needed 29 = Two surface restorations AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 30 = One 3-surface restoration needed; OR one 2-surface restoration and one 1-surface restoration needed; OR three 1-surface restorations needed 39 = Three surface restorations AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 40 = More than three surfaces needed restoration, but now a crown 49 = More than three surface restorations AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 50 = Extraction of primary tooth 60 = Extraction of permanent tooth 70 = Crown (primary or permanent) 80 = Tooth replacement needed (when permanent tooth already missing and replacement needed) 90 = Root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 68 = Extraction of permanent tooth and replacement needed 79 = Palpal treatment and a crown needed 99 = Not recorded For some teeth, the code for treatment need appears to be inconsistent with the codes for tooth and surface status. While the intentions of the examiner are not obvious, the reported codes have not been changed. Data analysts should be aware that these apparent inconsistencies are present in this file. Sample Weights Because the HHANES sample is not a simple random one, it is necessary to incorporate sample weights for proper analysis of the data. These sample weights are a composite of individual selection probabilities, adjustments for noncoverage and nonresponse, and poststratification adjustments. The HHANES sample weights, which are necessary for the calculation of point estimates, are located on all data tapes in positions 184-213. Because of the complex sample design and the ratio adjustments used to produce the sample weights, commonly used methods of point and variance estimation and hypothesis testing which assume simple random sampling may give misleading results. In order to provide users with the capability of estimating the complex sample variances in the HHANES data, Strata and Pseudo Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) codes have been provided on all data tapes in positions 214-216. These codes and the sample weights are necessary for the calculation of variances. Variance Estimation Computer Programs There are computer programs available designed for variance estimation for complex sample designs. The balanced repeated replication approach (Ref. No. 2) is used in &REPERR and a linearization approach is used in &PSALMS to calculate variance-covariance matrixes. Both routines are available within the OSIRIS IV library (Ref. No. 3). SURREGR (Ref. No. 4) and SUPERCARP (Ref. No. 5) are programs that calculate variance-covariance matrixes using a linearization approach (Ref. No. 6) (Taylor series expansion). Another program, SESUDAAN (Ref. No. 7) calculates standard errors, variances, and design effects. (Note: This version of SESUDAAN should not be used to obtain variances for totals.) SURREGR and SESUDAAN are special procedures which run data under the SAS system (Ref. No. 8). Even though the total number of examined persons in this survey is quite large, subclass analyses can lead to estimates that are unstable, particularly estimates of variances. Consequently, analyses of subclasses require that the user pay particular attention to the number of sample persons in the subclass and the number of PSU's that contain at least one sample person in the subclass. Small sample sizes, or a small number of PSU's used in the variance calculations, may produce unstable estimates of the variances. A more complete discussion of these issues and possible analytic strategies for examining various hypotheses is presented in Chapter 11 of "Plan and Operation of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84" (Ref. No. 1) and in an earlier NCHS methodology (Series 2) publication (Ref. No. 9). Average Design Effects General Information Some users, however, may not have access to the computer programs for estimating complex sample variances or may want to do their preliminary analyses without using them. In addition, variance estimates calculated from HHANES data through use of the programs described previously are likely to be unstable because there were so few sample areas for each portion of HHANES. This instability is not due to there being too few people in the sample but may be due to the fact that the sample was selected from relatively few areas. Therefore, the following discussion is designed to provide an alternative approach to deal with the unavailability of software and the small number of PSU's. The approach is based on using average design effects. The design effect, defined as the ratio of the variance of a statistic from a complex sample to the variance of the same statistic from a simple random sample of the same size, that is, COMPLEX SAMPLE VARIANCE DESIGN EFFECT (DEFF) = SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE VARIANCE is often used to show the impact of the complex sample design on variances. If the design effect is near 1, the complex sample design has little effect on the variances and the user could consider assuming simple random sampling for the analysis. Some illustrative design effects for HHANES data on this tape are given in the following table. The design effects in the table are the average for the age groups usually presented in NCHS Series 11 publications. Estimates for large age ranges, such as 'all ages combined' or 'all adults' are not included in these averages. Design effects tend to be larger when age groups are combined, just as they are when the sexes are combined, as shown in the table. The data in the table give the user an idea of the range in design effects for selected response variables from this data tape. Users should take the range into account if their response variable is not shown in the table; it is possible that a user could have one of the higher, rather than one of the lower, design effects. Avg. Design Effects, by Sex: Dental Health Average Design Effects, by Sex, for Selected Response Variables -- Dental Health -- Mean or Tape Both Male Female Response Variable Proportion Positions Sexes Decayed Permanent Teeth x 681-712 1.9 1.3 1.8 Missing Permanent Teeth x 512-513 1.4 1.0 1.6 Filled Permanent Teeth x 510-511 3.4 2.1 2.4 Total DMF Permanent Teeth x 516-517 1.7 1.2 1.6 Debris Index x 737-739 5.7 3.4 3.4 Calculus Index x 740-742 2.0 1.6 1.5 Oral Hygiene Index x 725-736 3.7 2.1 2.7 Periodontal Classification, x 724 3.6 2.5 2.2 Mouth Denture, Upper p 749 1.6 1.1 1.2 Previous Orthodontic p 747 1.7 1.1 1.4 Treatment Source: NCHS, HHANES, Mexican-American Portion, 1982-83, Tape Number 6505, Version 1. Example of Estimated Variance Using the Design Effect Suppose, for example, that there were 250 Mexican-American females in the sample 55-64 years old. Suppose, also, that 8.4 percent of them had an upper denture and their average number of decayed permanent teeth was 4.3. Assuming simple random sampling, the variance for the percent is calculated by converting the percent to a proportion and using the standard formula for the variance of a proportion, pq V = n This variance (V) multiplied by the design effect (DEFF) provides an estimate of the variance from a complex sample of the same sample size (n). In the example above, (.084)(.916) V = 250 = .0003 = variance for a simple random sample Then, multiplying by the design effect, = (0.0003)(1.2) = 0.00036 = estimated variance for the complex sample In a similar way, the complex sample variance of the mean number of decayed permanent teeth for this age-sex group is determined by multiplying the simple random sample variance of the mean by the appropriate design effect -- in this example, 1.8. The user can then proceed with estimating confidence intervals and testing hypotheses in the usual manner. The user should recognize that this approach does not incorporate the variance covariance matrix. In most cases, this leads to a slight overestimate of the variance because the covariance terms, which are subtracted in the variance of a ratio, in general are positive. Thus, in a borderline case, the null hypothesis would be less likely to be rejected (Ref. No. 10). Alternative or better approaches may exist or be developed. Users who want to suggest such approaches, or who want the latest information should contact the Scientific and Technical Information Branch (address given in the beginning of this documentation). VARIABLES AND THEIR CATEGORIES Sociodemographic Data - Sample Person (Pos. 1-99) Source Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ) Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ) 1-5 Sequence Number POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 1-5 Sample Person Sequence Number 00001-09894 7,462 6-12 Blank POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 6-12 Blank 7,462 13 Portion of Survey POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 13 Portion of Survey M Mexican-American 7,462 C Cuban-American 0 P Puerto Rican 0 14 Family Questionnaire Missing POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 14 Family Questionnaire Missing See Note 1 1 Yes 21 2 No 7,441 15 Version Number POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 15 Version Number 1 7,462 16 Examination Status POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 16 Examination Status See Note 2 1 Examined 7,462 2 Not examined 0 17 Language of Household Screener Interview POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 17 Language of Household Screener Interview HSQ 1 English 5,887 2 Spanish 1,575 Blank 0 18-21 Date of Interview POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES Date of Interview HSQ 4 18-19 01-12 Month 7,462 20-21 82-83 Year 7,462 22-25 Date of Examination POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES Date of Examination From survey control record 22-23 01-12 Month 7,462 24-25 82-83 Year 7,462 26-29 Date of Birth POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES Date of Birth HSQ 2e 26-27 01-12 Month 7,462 88 Blank but applicable 0 28-29 08-83 Year 7,462 88 Blank but applicable 0 30-31 Age at Interview POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 30-31 Age at Interview Computed 01-74 (See next column for units) 7,462 32 Age at Interview Units POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 32 Age at Interview Units HSQ 2f 1 Years 7,342 2 Months 120 33-38 Age at Examination POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES Age at Examination Computed 33-34 00-74 Years 7,462 Positions 33-38 35-36 00-11 Months 7,462 are all 0 for 37-38 00-30 Days 7,462 non-examined persons. 39-43 Family Number POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 39-43 Family Number See Note 3 00002-03529 7,462 44-45 Relationship to Reference Person POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 44-45 What is sample person's relationship HSQ 2b to reference person? See Note 4 01 Reference person living alone (1 person and 1 family) 145 02 Unrelated individual, 2 + persons in household 76 03 Head of family (includes reference person with family) 1,582 04 Wife of head (husband living at home and not in Armed Forces) 1,299 05 Wife of head (husband living at home and is in Armed Forces) 5 06 Husband of head (wife living at home and not in Armed Forces) 35 07 Husband of head (wife living at home and is in Armed Forces) 0 08 Child of head or spouse 3,769 09 Grandchild of head or spouse 217 10 Parent of head or spouse 57 11 Other relative (includes ex- spouse, daughter-in-law, etc.) 273 12 Foster child 4 46 Sex POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 46 Sex FQ B-4 1 Male 3,516 2 Female 3,946 47 Observed Race POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 47 Observed Race FQ B-5 See Note 5 1 White 7,213 2 Black 76 3 Other 8 8 Blank but applicable 72 9 Not observed 72 Blank 21 48-49 Group Representing National Origin or Ancestry POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 48-49 Please give the number of the group HSQ 2c or groups that represents the sample See Note 6 person's national origin or ancestry? 01 Mexican/Mexicano 1,641 02 Mexican-American 5,202 03 Chicano 102 04 Puerto Rican 7 05 Boricua 0 06 Cuban 4 07 Cuban-American 0 08 Hispano - specify 150 09 Other Latin-American or other Spanish - specify 37 00 Other - specify 276 10 Spanish-American 22 11 Spanish (Spain) 21 50-52 State or Foreign Country Born POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 50-52 In what state or foreign country FQ B-6 was sample person born? See Note 7 001-108 7,403 888 Blank but applicable 38 Blank 21 53 Eligibility Code POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 53 Eligibility Code 1 Eligible 7,197 See Note 8 2 Not eligible 265 54-55 Highest Grade or Year of Regular School Attended POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 54-55 What is the highest grade or year FQ B-7 of regular school sample person has ever attended? 00 Never attended or kinder- garten only 1,476 01-08 Elementary grade 3,118 09-12 High school grade 2,119 13-16 College 581 17 Graduate school 70 18 Special school 7 88 Blank but applicable 70 Blank 21 56 Finish Grade or Year? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 56 Did sample person finish that FQ B-8 grade/year? 1 Yes 3,938 2 No 1,934 8 Blank but applicable 93 Blank 1,497 57 Married, Widowed, Divorced, Separated, or Never Married? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 57 Is sample person now married, widowed, FQ B-9 divorced, separated or has he/she never been married? 0 Under 14 2,953 1 Married - spouse in household 2,600 2 Married - spouse not in household 70 3 Widowed 161 4 Divorced 214 5 Separated 159 6 Never married 1,265 8 Blank but applicable 19 Blank 21 58 Serve in U.S. Armed Forces? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 58 Did sample person ever serve in the FQ B-11 Armed Forces of the United States? 1 Yes 416 2 No 3,557 8 Blank but applicable 7 Blank 3,482 59 Work at Job or Business? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 59 During the past 2 weeks, did sample FQ B-12 person work at any time at a job or business, not counting work around the house? 1 Yes 2,210 2 No 1,751 8 Blank but applicable 19 Blank 3,482 60 Have Job or Business? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 60 Even though sample person did not FQ B-13 work during those 2 weeks, did he/ she have a job or business? 1 Yes 46 2 No 1,704 8 Blank but applicable 20 Blank 5,692 61 Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 61 Was sample person looking for work or FQ B-14 on layoff from a job? 1 Yes 217 2 No 1,533 8 Blank but applicable 20 Blank 5,692 62 Which, Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 62 Which, looking for work or on layoff FQ B-15 from a job? 1 Looking 146 2 Layoff 46 3 Both 23 8 Blank but applicable 22 Blank 7,225 63-65 Kind of Business or Industry Work for POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 63-65 What kind of business or industry FQ B-19 does sample person work for? See Note 9 010-932 2,429 990 Blank but applicable 49 Blank 4,984 66-68 Kind of Work doing POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 66-68 What kind of work was sample person FQ B-20 doing? See Note 9 003-889 2,432 999 Blank but applicable 46 Blank 4,984 69 Class of Worker POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 69 Class of Worker FQ B-22 1 An employee of a private company, business or individual for wages, salary or commission 1,912 2 A Federal government employee.... 74 3 A State government employee...... 124 4 A Local government employee...... 169 5 Self-employed in own incorporated business or professional practice 17 6 Self-employed in own unincorporated business, professional practice, or farm 131 7 Working without pay in family business or farm 3 8 Blank but applicable 46 0 Never worked or never worked at a full-time civilian job lasting 2 weeks or more 2 Blank 4,984 70 Covered by Medicare? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 70 Is sample person now covered by FQ C-2 Medicare? 1 Covered 303 2 Not covered 265 8 Blank but applicable 6 9 Don't know 3 Blank 6,885 71 Covered by Social Security Medicare Paying Hospital Bills? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 71 Is sample now covered by the part of FQ C-3 Social Security Medicare which pays for hospital bills? 1 Yes 270 2 No 18 8 Blank but applicable 15 9 Don't know 6 Blank 7,153 72 Covered by Medicare Paying Doctor's Bills? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 72 Is sample now covered by that part of FQ C-4 Medicare which pays for doctor's bills? This is the Medicare plan for which he/she or some agency must pay a certain amount each month 1 Yes 269 2 No 17 8 Blank but applicable 15 9 Don't know 8 Blank 7,153 73 Type of Coverage (on Social Security Medicare Card) POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 73 May I please see the Social Security FQ C-5 Medicare card(s) for sample person to determine the type of coverage? 1 Hospital 0 2 Medical 2 3 Card not available 3 4 Hospital and medical 5 8 Blank but applicable 15 Blank 7,437 HEALTH INSURANCE PLAN 1 74 Plan Pay Part of Hospital Expenses? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 74 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-9 hospital expenses? 1 Yes 4,544 2 No 13 8 Blank but applicable 46 9 Don't know 32 Blank 2,827 75 Plan Pay Part of Doctor's or Surgeon's Bills for Operations? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 75 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-10 doctor's or surgeon's bills for operations? 1 Yes 4,539 2 No 27 8 Blank but applicable 26 9 Don't know 43 Blank 2,827 76 Sample Person Covered Under this Plan? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 76 Is sample person covered under this FQ C-11 plan? 1 Yes 3,962 2 No 647 8 Blank but applicable 19 9 Don't know 7 Blank 2,827 Health Insurance Plan 2 77 Plan Pay Part of Hospital Expenses POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 77 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-9 hospital expenses? 1 Yes 678 2 No 21 8 Blank but applicable 23 9 Don't know 18 Blank 6,722 478 Plan Pay Part of Doctor's or Surgeon's Bills for Operations? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 78 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-10 doctor's or surgeon's bills for operations? 1 Yes 685 2 No 25 8 Blank but applicable 7 9 Don't know 23 Blank 6,722 79 Sample Person Covered Under this Plan? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 79 Is sample person covered under this FQ C-11 plan? 1 Covered 458 2 Not covered 264 8 Blank but applicable 14 9 Don't know 4 Blank 6,722 Health Insurance Plan 3 80 Plan Pay Part of Hospital Expenses? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 80 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-9 hospital expenses? 1 Yes 74 2 No 1 8 Blank but applicable 2 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,385 81 Plan Pay Part of Doctor's or Surgeon's Bills for Operations? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 81 Does this plan pay any part of FQ C-10 doctor's or surgeon's bills for operations? 1 Yes 75 2 No 1 8 Blank but applicable 0 9 Don't know 1 Blank 7,385 82 Sample Person Covered Under this Plan? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 82 Is sample person covered under this FQ C-11 plan? 1 Covered 32 2 Not covered 42 8 Blank but applicable 3 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,385 83-84 Reason Not Covered by Health Insurance (or Medicare)? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 83-84 Many people do not carry health FQ C-13 insurance for various reasons. Which See Note 10 of these statements describes why sample person is not covered by any health insurance? Or Medicare? 01 Care received through Medicaid or welfare 308 02 Unemployed, or reasons related to unemployment 373 03 Can't obtain insurance because of poor health, illness, or age 22 04 Too expensive, can't afford health insurance 1,688 05 Dissatisfied with previous insurance 63 06 Don't believe in insurance 38 07 Have been healthy, not much sickness in the family, haven't needed health insurance 214 08 Military dependent, (CHAMPUS), Veteran's benefits 45 09 Some other reason - not specified 2 10 Some other reason - specified 257 88 Blank but applicable 105 Blank 4,347 85 Any Other Reason Don't Carry Health Insurance (Medicare)? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 85 Any other reason? FQ C-14 1 Yes 443 2 No 2,573 8 Blank but applicable 99 Blank 4,347 86-87 Main Reason Not Covered by Health Insurance (Medicare) POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 86-87 What is the main reason sample person FQ C-15 is not covered by any health See Note 10 insurance? Or Medicare? 01 Care received through Medicaid or welfare 267 02 Unemployed, or reasons related to unemployment 350 03 Can't obtain insurance because of poor health, illness, or age 24 04 Too expensive, can't afford health insurance 1,767 05 Dissatisfied with previous insurance 50 06 Don't believe in insurance 31 07 Have been healthy, not much sickness in the family, haven't needed health insurance 206 08 Military dependent, (CHAMPUS), Veteran's benefits 45 09 Some other reason - not specified 2 10 Some other reason - specified 255 88 Blank but applicable 118 Blank 4,347 88 Received Health Care Paid for by Medicaid? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 88 During the last 12 months, has sample FQ D-6 person received health care which has been or will be paid for by Medicaid? 1 Yes 537 2 No 259 8 Blank but applicable 45 9 Don't know 0 Blank 6,621 89 Have Medicaid Card? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 89 Does sample person have a Medicaid FQ D-8 card? 1 Yes 530 2 No 234 8 Blank but applicable 39 9 Don't know 0 Blank 6,659 90 May I Please See Sample Person's Card? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 90 May I please see sample person's FQ D-9 card? 1 Medicaid card seen - current 382 2 Medicaid card seen - expired 7 3 No card seen 128 4 Other card seen 0 5 Other card seen (specify) 5 8 Blank but applicable 47 Blank 6,893 91 Covered by Other Public Ass. Program Paying for Health Care? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 91 Is sample person now covered by any FQ D-11 other public assistance program that pays for health care? 1 Yes 54 2 No 47 8 Blank but applicable 11 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,350 92 Rec. Armed Forces Retirement Pay or Veteran's Admin. Pension? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 92 Does sample person now receive FQ D-13 military retirement payments from any branch of the Armed Forces or a pension from the Veteran's Admini- stration? Do not include VA disa- bilty compensation. 1 Yes 56 2 No 64 8 Blank but applicable 12 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,330 93 Armed Forces Retirement, the VA Pension, or Both? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 93 Which does sample person receive: the FQ D-14 Armed Forces retirement, the VA pension, or both? 1 Armed Forces 16 2 Veteran's Administration 30 3 Both 4 8 Blank but applicable 18 Blank 7,394 94 Covered by CHAMP-VA? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 94 Is sample person now covered by FQ D-16 CHAMP-VA, which is medical insurance for dependents or survivors of disabled veterans? 1 Yes 45 2 No 6 8 Blank but applicable 8 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,403 95 Health Care for Dependents or Survivors of Military Persons? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 95 Is sample person now covered by FQ D-18 any other program that provides health care for military dependents or survivors of military persons? 1 Yes 41 2 No 19 8 Blank but applicable 13 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,389 96 Included in AFDC "Aid to Families with Dependent Children"? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 96 Is sample person included in the AFDC FQ D-2 "Aid to Families with Dependent Children" assistance payment? 1 Yes 394 2 No 181 8 Blank but applicable 27 9 Don't know 0 Blank 6,860 97 Rec. "Supplemental Sec. Income" or "SSI" Gold-Col. Check? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 97 Does sample person now receive the FQ D-4 "Supplemental Security Income" or "SSI" gold-colored check? 1 Yes 131 2 No 110 8 Blank but applicable 25 9 Don't know 0 Blank 7,196 98 Disability Related to Service in U.S. Armed Forces? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 98 Does sample person have a disability FQ D-20 related to his/her service in the Armed Forces of the United States? 1 Yes 48 2 No 346 8 Blank but applicable 29 Blank 7,039 99 Receive Compensation for Disability from Veteran's Admin.? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 99 Does sample person now receive FQ D-21 compensation for this disability from the Veteran's Administration? 1 Yes 31 2 No 17 8 Blank but applicable 29 Blank 7,385 Sociodemographic Data - Reference Person (Pos. 100-131) Source Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ) Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ) 100 Interview Status POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 100 Interview Status Computed See Note 4 1 Sample person interviewed (sample person completed Adult Sample Person Questionnaire) 5,862 2 Sample person not interviewed (Adult sample person question- naire missing) 218 Blank: Not a sample person 1,382 101 Examination Status POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 101 Examination Status Computed See Note 2 1 Sample person examined 5,524 2 Sample person not examined 556 Blank: Not a sample person 1,382 102-105 Date of Birth POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 102-105 Date of Birth HSQ 2e 102-103 01-12 Month 7,413 88 Blank but applicable 49 104-105 00-99 Year 7,462 106-107 Age at Interview POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 106-107 Age at Interview 17-95 (See next column for units) 7,462 108 Age at Interview Units POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 108 Age at Interview Units 1 Years 7,462 2 Months 0 109 Sex POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 109 Sex FQ B-4 1 Male 5,982 2 Female 1,460 Blank 20 110 Observed Race POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 110 Observed Race FQ B-5 See Note 5 1 White 7,138 2 Black 75 3 Other 6 8 Blank but applicable 106 9 Not observed 117 Blank 20 111-112 Number of Group Representing National Origin or Ancestry POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 111-112 Please give the number of the group HSQ 2c that represents reference person's See Note 6 national origin or ancestry? 01 Mexican/Mexicano 2,068 02 Mexican-American 4,523 03 Chicano 97 04 Puerto Rican 19 05 Boricua 0 06 Cuban 6 07 Cuban-American 0 08 Hispano - specify 147 09 Other Latin-American or other Spanish - specify 54 00 Other - specify 513 10 Spanish-American 17 11 Spanish (Spain) 18 113-115 State or Foreign Country Born POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 113-115 In what state or foreign country FQ B-6 was reference person born? See Note 7 001-108 7,362 888 Blank but applicable 80 Blank 20 116-117 Highest Grade or Year of Regular School Attended POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 116-117 What is the highest grade or year FQ B-7 of regular school reference person has ever attended? 00 Never attended or kinder- garten only 250 01-08 Elementary grade 2,959 09-12 High school grade 2,896 13-16 College 1,002 17 Graduate school 170 18 Special school 0 88 Blank but applicable 165 Blank 20 118 Finish Grade or Year? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 118 Did reference person finish that FQ B-8 grade/year? 1 Yes 5,710 2 No 1,316 8 Blank but applicable 166 Blank 270 119 Married, Divorced, Separated, or Never Married? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 119 Is the reference person now married, FQ B-9 widowed, divorced, separated or has he/she never been married? 0 Under 14 0 1 Married - spouse in household 5,706 2 Married - spouse note in household 129 3 Widowed 333 4 Divorced 492 5 Separated 388 6 Never married 320 8 Blank but applicable 74 Blank 20 120 Serve in U.S. Armed Forces? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 120 Did reference person ever serve in the FQ B-11 Armed Forces of the United States? 1 Yes 1,478 2 No 5,883 8 Blank but applicable 81 Blank 20 121 Work at Job or Business? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 121 During the past 2 weeks, did reference FQ B-12 person work at any time at a job or business, not counting work around the house? 1 Yes 5,443 2 No 1,923 8 Blank but applicable 76 Blank 20 122 Have Job or Business? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 122 Even though reference person did not FQ B-13 work during those 2 weeks, did he/ she have a job or business? 1 Yes 101 2 No 1,822 8 Blank but applicable 76 Blank 5,463 123 Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 123 Was reference person looking for work FQ B-14 or on layoff from a job? 1 Yes 510 2 No 1,413 8 Blank but applicable 76 Blank 5,463 124 Which, Looking for Work or on Layoff from Job? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 124 Which, looking for work or on layoff FQ B-15 from a job? 1 Looking 270 2 Layoff 151 3 Both 85 8 Blank but applicable 80 Blank 6,876 125-127 Kind of Business or Industry Work for POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 125-127 What kind of business or industry FQ B-19 does reference person work for? See Note 9 010-932 5,980 990 Blank but applicable 118 Blank 1,364 128-130 Kind of Work Doing POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 128-130 What kind of work was reference person FQ B-20 doing? See Note 9 003-889 5,988 999 Blank but applicable 110 Blank 1,364 131 Class of Worker POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 131 Class of Worker FQ B-22 1 Employee of a private company, business or individual for wages, salary or commission 4,702 2 A Federal government employee.... 219 3 A State government employee...... 246 4 A Local government employee...... 359 5 Self-employed in own incorporated business or professional practice 49 6 Self-employed in own unincorporated business, professional practice, or farm 420 7 Working without pay in family business or farm 0 8 Blank but applicable 99 0 Never worked or never worked at a full-time civilian job lasting 2 weeks or more 4 Blank 1,364 Family Composition and Income Data (Pos. 132-162) Source Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ) 132-133 Number of People in Family POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 132-133 Number of People in Family Computed 01-18 Persons 7,462 134-135 Number of Sample People in Family POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 134-135 Number of Sample People in Family Computed 01-13 Persons 7,462 136 Total Combined Family Income More or Less than $20,000? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 136 Was the total combined family FQ E-10 income during the past 12 months more or less than $20,000? Include money from jobs, Social Security, retirement income, unemployment payments, public assistance, and so forth. Also include income net from interest, dividends, income from business, farm or rent, and any other money income received. 1 $20,000 or more 2,353 2 Less than $20,000 4,856 7 Refused information 31 8 Blank but applicable 202 Blank 20 137-138 Group Representing Total Combined Family Income POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 137-138 Of those income groups, which best FQ E-11 represents the total combined family income during the past 12 months? Include wages, salaries, and other items we just talked about (in dollars). 01 Less than 1,000 40 02 1,000 - 1,999 107 03 2,000 - 2,999 143 04 3,000 - 3,999 182 05 4,000 - 4,999 184 06 5,000 - 5,999 234 07 6,000 - 6,999 312 08 7,000 - 7,999 314 09 8,000 - 8,999 284 10 9,000 - 9,999 263 11 10,000 - 10,999 282 12 11,000 - 11,999 250 13 12,000 - 12,999 296 14 13,000 - 13,999 186 15 14,000 - 14,999 254 16 15,000 - 15,999 208 17 16,000 - 16,999 209 18 17,000 - 17,999 231 19 18,000 - 18,999 333 20 19,000 - 19,999 240 21 20,000 - 24,999 694 22 25,000 - 29,999 585 23 30,000 - 34,999 358 24 35,000 - 39,999 257 25 40,000 - 44,999 192 26 45,000 - 49,999 84 27 50,000 and over 107 77 Refused information 76 88 Blank but applicable 537 Blank 20 139-143 Per Capita Income POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 139-143 Per Capita Income Computed See Note 11 00083-50000 dollars 6,829 88888 Blank but applicable 613 Blank 20 144-146 Poverty Index POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 144-146 Poverty Index Computed See Note 12 0.04-9.78 6,829 999 Blank but applicable 613 Decimal not Blank 20 shown on tape. 147 Member of Family Receive Government Food Stamps? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 147 Did any member of this family FQ E-12 receive any Government food stamps in any of the past 12 months? 1 Yes 1,651 2 No 5,783 8 Blank but applicable 8 Blank 20 148-149 Number of Months Member of Family Received Food Stamps POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 148-149 In how many months of the past 12 FQ E-13 months did any member of this family receive food stamps? 01-12 months 1,631 88 Blank but applicable 28 Blank 5,803 150 Family Receive Government Food Stamps Last Month? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 150 Did this family receive any government FQ E-14 food stamps last month? 1 Yes 1,345 2 No 303 8 Blank but applicable 11 Blank 5,803 151-152 Which Month did Member Last Receive Food Stamps? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 151-152 In which month did any member of this FQ E-15 family last receive any food stamps? 01-12 months 298 88 Blank but applicable 16 Blank 7,148 153-154 Number of Persons Food Stamps were Authorized POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 153-154 For how many persons were those food FQ E-16 stamps authorized? 01-13 persons 1,641 88 Blank but applicable 18 Blank 5,803 155-157 Total Face Value of Food Stamps Received by Family POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 155-157 What was the total face value of FQ E-17 those food stamps received by this family in that month? 010-520 dollars 1,567 888 Blank but applicable 92 Blank 5,803 158 Family Spend More for Food than Value of Food Stamps? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 158 Did this family spend more for food in FQ E-18 that month than the value of your food stamps? 1 Yes 1,405 2 No 231 8 Blank but applicable 23 Blank 5,803 159-161 How Much More? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 159-161 How much more? FQ E-19 005-443 dollars 1,314 888 Blank but applicable 114 Blank 6,034 162 Family Receiving Food Stamps at Present Time? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 162 Is your family receiving food stamps FQ E-20 at the present time? 1 Yes 1,273 2 No 6,153 8 Blank but applicable 16 Blank 20 Residence and Household Data (Pos. 163-183) Source Source: Family Questionnaire (FQ) Household Screener Questionnaire (HSQ) 163 Size of Place POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 163 Size of Place See Note 13 1 1 million or ore 1,049 2 500,000 - 999,999 844 3 250,000 - 499,999 884 4 100,000 - 249,999 203 5 50,000 - 99,999 1,277 6 25,000 - 49,999 785 7 10,000 - 24,999 746 8 200 - 9,999 1,003 9 Not in a place 671 164 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 164 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area See Note 13 1 In SMSA, in central city 3,707 2 In SMSA, not in central city 2,854 4 Not in SMSA 901 165-166 Number of People in Household POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 165-166 Number of People in Household HSQ 1a 01-18 persons 7,462 167-168 Number of Sample People in Household POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 167-168 Number of Sample People in Household Computed 01-13 persons 7,462 169-170 Number of Rooms in Home POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 169-170 How many rooms are in this home? FQ E-1 Count the kitchen, but not the bathroom. 01-14 rooms 7,433 88 Blank but applicable 9 Blank 20 171 Access to Complete Kitchen Facilities in Home? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 171 Do you have access to complete kitchen FQ E-2 facilities in this home; that is, kitchen sink with piped water, a refrigerator and a range or Cookstove? 1 Yes 7,136 2 No 83 8 Blank but applicable 223 Blank 20 172-173 Main Fuel Used for Heating Home POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 172-173 What is the main fuel used for FQ E-3 heating this home? See Note 14 00 No fuel used 468 01 Oil 4 02 Natural gas 6,026 03 Electricity 604 04 Bottled gas (propane) 174 05 Kerosene 13 06 Wood 97 07 Coal 0 08 Other, not specified 0 09 Other, specified 11 88 Blank but applicable 45 Blank 20 174-175 Main Heating Equipment for Home POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 174-175 What is the main heating equipment FQ E-4 for this home? See Note 14 00 No heating equipment used 468 01 Steam or hot water with radiators or convectors 44 02 Central warm air furnace with ducts to individual rooms, or central heat pump 2,677 03 Built-in electric units (per- manently installed in wall, ceiling, or baseboard) 474 04 Floor, wall or pipeless furnace 1,598 05 Room heaters with flue or vent, burning oil, gas, or kerosene 805 06 Room heaters without flue or vent, burning oil, gas, or kerosene 847 07 Heating stove burning wood, coal or coke 84 08 Fireplace(s) 91 09 Portable electric heater(s) 139 10 Other, not specified 0 11 Other, specified 188 88 Blank but applicable 1 99 Don't know 26 Blank 20 176-177 Other Types of Equipment Used for Heating Home POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 176-177 Are any other types of equipment used FQ E-5 for heating this home? See Note 14 00 No other heating equipment used 6,088 01 Steam or hot water with radiators or convectors 0 02 Central warm air furnace with ducts to individual rooms, or central heat pump 11 03 Built-in electric units (per- manently installed in wall, ceiling, or baseboard) 24 04 Floor, wall or pipeless furnace 11 05 Room heaters with flue or vent, burning oil, gas, or kerosene 22 06 Room heaters without flue or vent, burning oil, gas, or kerosene 19 07 Heating stove burning wood, coal or coke 66 08 Fireplace(s) 449 09 Portable electric heater(s) 186 10 Other, not specified 5 11 Other, specified 63 88 Blank but applicable 30 Blank 488 178-179 Main Fuel Used by Additional Equipment POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 178-179 What is the main fuel used by this FQ E-6 additional equipment? See Note 14 00 No fuel used 3 01 Oil 0 02 Natural gas 130 03 Electricity 214 04 Bottled gas (propane) 11 05 Kerosene 2 06 Wood 472 07 Coal 2 08 Other, not specified 0 09 Other, specified 7 88 Blank but applicable 45 Blank 6,576 180-181 Main Fuel Used for Cooking in Home POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 180-181 What is the main fuel used for cooking FQ E-7 in this home? 00 No fuel used 21 01 Oil 14 02 Natural gas 5,899 03 Electricity 1,295 04 Bottled gas (propane) 182 05 Kerosene 0 06 Wood 0 07 Coal 0 08 Other, not specified 0 09 Other, specified 14 88 Blank but applicable 17 Blank 20 182 Do You have Air-Conditioning? POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 182 Do you have air-conditioning - either FQ E-8 individual room units, a central sys- tem or evaporative cooling? 1 Yes 3,583 2 No 3,845 8 Blank but applicable 14 Blank 20 183 Type of Air-Conditioning POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 183 Which do you have? FQ E-9 1 Individual room unit 1,625 2 Central air-conditioning 1,233 3 Evaporative cooling 719 8 Blank but applicable 20 Blank 3,865 Sample Weights (Pos. 184-216)-See Section A 184-189 Examined Final Weight POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 184-189 Examined Final Weight 000439-002711 7,462 Blank 0 190-195 Interview Final Weight POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 190-195 Interview Final Weight 000447-002096 7,462 Blank 0 196-201 GTT/Ultrasound Weight POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 196-201 GTT/Ultrasound Weight 000843-005302 1,777 Blank 5,685 202-207 Audiometry/Vision Weight POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 202-207 Audiometry/Vision Weight 000507-006283 4,431 Blank 3,031 208-213 Pesticide Weight POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 208-213 Pesticide Weight 000872-005584 2,465 Blank 4,997 214 Strata Code POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 214 Strata Code 1-8 7,462 Blank 0 215-216 Pseudo PSU Code POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 215-216 Pseudo PSU Code 01-16 7,462 Blank 0 Family Relationships and Acculturation (Pos. 217-400) Source Source: Adult Sample Person Questionnaire Family Questionnaire 217-218 Acculturation Score - Adults POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 217-218 Acculturation Score -- Adults (12-74 years) 1.0-4.9 4,821 Computed. 88 Blank but applicable 91 Decimal not Blank: Children (6 mos. - 11 yrs.) 2,550 shown on tape. See Note 15. 219-400 Blank POSITION ITEM DESCRIPTION AND CODES COUNTS SOURCE AND NOTES 219-400 Blank Data not available. Adult Dental History Data (Pos. 401-416) Source Source: Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (ASPQ) (Age 12-74 Years) 401-405 Blank Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 401-405 Blank Notice for Positions 406-416 POSITIONS 406-416 CONTAIN SELECTED INTERVIEW DATA FOR ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS AGES 12-74 YEARS. THIS DATA IS ALSO FOUND ON HHANES DATA TAPE NUMBER 6521 (ADOLESCENT AND ADULT HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE). 406 Subsample Indicator - Child/Adult Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 406 Subsample Indicator - Child/Adult 0 Child. 6 months-11 years 2550 237 845 1 Adult. 12-74 years 1 0 0 Positions 407-416 are blank. 2 Adult. 12-74 years 4911 1120 1988 Positions 407-416 contain questionnaire data. 407 Trouble Biting or Chewing Kinds of Food (Meats or Apples)? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 407 Do you have trouble biting or chewing any ASPQ B-12 kinds of food such as firm meats or apples? 1 Yes 862 145 296 2 No 4044 975 1682 8 Blank but applicable 5 0 10 Blank 2551 237 846 408 Condition of Your Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 408 How would you describe the condition of your ASPQ B-13 teeth: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor? 1 Excellent 395 151 210 2 Very Good 556 113 246 3 Good 1405 290 541 4 Fair 1518 310 623 5 Poor 815 164 254 6 Has no teeth 220 88 111 8 Blank but applicable 2 4 3 Blank 2551 237 846 409 Condition of Gums Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 409 How would you describe the condition of your ASPQ B-14 gums: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor? 1 Excellent 495 223 293 2 Very Good 686 154 298 3 Good 2181 526 807 4 Fair 1177 170 453 5 Poor 362 41 135 8 Blank but applicable 10 6 2 Blank 2551 237 846 410 Time Since Last Saw Dentist or Dental Hygeinist Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 410 About how long has it been since you ASPQ B-15 last saw a dentist or dental hygienist for dental care? 1 6 months ago or less 1188 351 703 2 Over 6 months to 12 months 787 204 378 3 Over 12 months to 2 years 799 208 349 4 Over 2 years to 5 years 916 211 302 5 More than 5 years 739 129 216 6 Never 461 16 28 8 Blank but applicable 2 0 0 9 Don't know 19 1 12 Blank 2551 237 846 411-412 Main Reason for Last Visit for Dental Care Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 411-412 What was the main reason for your last ASPQ B-16 visit for dental care? 01 Regular checkup 745 259 617 02 For cleaning teeth 820 190 279 03 To have teeth filled 902 231 295 04 Trouble with gums 59 16 54 05 To have teeth pulled or other surgery 1099 196 357 (including root canal) 06 Toothache 147 30 103 07 Adjustment or repair of dental plate 153 45 90 08 To have a dental plate made 229 96 108 09 For a prescription 0 1 0 11 Some other reason, specified and 273 39 54 unspecified 88 Blank but applicable 23 1 3 Blank 3012 253 874 413 Had Teeth Cleaned by Dentist or Dental Hygienist? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 413 Have you ever had your teeth cleaned by a ASPQ B-17 dentist or dental hygienist? 1 Yes 2518 779 1436 2 No 1111 135 241 8 Blank but applicable 1 0 4 Blank 3832 443 1153 414 Last Time Teeth were Cleaned Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 414 When was the last time they were cleaned? ASPQ B-18 1 6 months ago or less 552 156 435 2 Over 6 months to 12 months 435 153 270 3 Over 12 months to 2 years 479 155 264 4 Over 2 years to 5 years 610 187 269 5 More than 5 years 427 123 184 8 Blank but applicable 6 2 6 9 Don't know 10 3 12 Blank 4943 578 1394 415 Number of Times had Teeth Cleaned by Dentist Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 415 During the past 2 years, how many times have ASPQ B-19 you had your teeth cleaned by a dentist or dental hygienist? 0 None 98 23 30 1 Once 969 279 531 2 Twice 699 200 426 3 Three times 185 58 98 4 Four or more times 285 85 145 8 Blank but applicable 27 2 5 9 Don't know 29 9 19 Blank 5170 701 1580 416 Covered by Health Insurance Paying for Dental Care? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 416 Are you covered by health insurance that pays ASPQ B-20 for dental care? 1 Yes 1725 297 836 2 No 3104 803 1116 8 Blank but applicable 3 1 6 9 Don't know 79 19 30 Blank 2551 237 846 Child Dental History Data (Pos. 417-429) Source Source: Child Sample Person Questionnaire (CSPQ) (Age 6 months-11 years) 417-421 Blank Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 417-421 Blank Notice for Positions 422-429 POSITIONS 422-429 CONTAIN SELECTED INTERVIEW DATA FOR CHILDREN AGES 6 MONTHS THROUGH 11 YEARS. THIS DATA IS ALSO FOUND ON HHANES DATA TAPE NUMBER 6522 (CHILD HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE). 422 Subsample Indicator - Adult/Child Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 422 Subsample Indicator - Adult/Child 0 Adult. 12-74 years 4912 120 1989 Positions 423-429 are blank. 2 Child. 6 months-11 years 2550 237 845 Positions 423-429 contain questionnaire data. 423 How old was the sample person when he or CSPQ C-1 she first saw someone for dental care? 1 Under 4 yrs. old 351 23 175 2 4 yrs. old or older 859 81 324 3 Never 1334 133 341 8 Blank but applicable 1 0 0 9 Don't know 5 0 5 Blank 4912 1120 1989 424 Time Since Last Saw Someone for Dental Care Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 424 About how long has it been since the sample CSPQ C-2 person last saw someone for dental care? 1 6 months ago or less 465 46 266 2 Over 6 mos. to 12 mos. 267 22 131 3 Over 12 mos. to 2 yrs. 253 18 74 4 Over 2 yrs. to 5 yrs. 189 14 27 5 More than 5 yrs. 24 3 2 8 Blank but applicable 6 0 0 9 Don't know 12 1 4 Blank 6246 1253 2330 425 Number of Times a Year See Someone for Dental Care Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 425 On the average, about how many times a year CSPQ C-3 does the sample person see someone for dental care? 1 Less than once a year 75 8 32 2 Once 289 27 195 3 Twice 245 20 164 4 3 or more times 59 9 24 5 No regular schedule 538 38 83 8 Blank but applicable 6 0 1 9 Don't know 4 2 5 Blank 6246 1253 2330 426 Received Fluoride Treatments Applied to Teeth by Dentist? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 426 Has the sample person ever received fluoride CSPQ C-4 treatments that were applied to his or her teeth during a visit to a dentist or someone else he or she saw for dental care? 1 Yes 565 53 243 2 No 541 47 227 8 Blank but applicable 8 0 1 9 Don't know 102 4 33 Blank 6246 1253 2330 427 Go to School? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes ATTENTION: POSITIONS 427-428 ONLY FOR CHILDREN 5-11 YEARS OF AGE. 427 Does the sample person go to school? CSPQ C-6 1 Yes 1458 142 475 2 No 63 2 22 8 Blank but applicable 0 0 1 Blank 5941 1213 2336 428 Participate in Fluoride Program at School? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes ATTENTION: POSITIONS 427-428 ONLY FOR CHILDREN 5-11 YEARS OF AGE. 428 Does the sample person participate in a CSPQ C-7 fluoride program at school? This is a program in which fluoride tablets or rinses are given to children to use at school. 1 Yes 596 30 95 2 No 705 99 307 8 Blank but applicable 8 1 9 9 Don't know 149 12 65 Blank 6004 1215 2358 429 Covered by Health Insurance Paying for Dental Care? Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 429 Is the sample person covered by health CSPQ C-8 insurance that pays for dental care? 1 Yes 982 74 373 2 No 1529 159 464 8 Blank but applicable 2 0 1 9 Don't know 37 4 7 Blank 4912 1120 1889 Dental Examination Data (Pos. 430-814) Source Source: Dental Examination Form (DEF) 430-433 Tape Number Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 430-433 Tape Number 6505 7462 1357 2834 434 Blank Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 434 Blank 435 Dental Examination Form (DEF) Missing Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 435 Dental Examination Form (DEF) Missing 1 Examined sample person for whom no 222 17 67 DEF was received. Positions 435-814 are blank. 2 Examined sample person for whom a 7240 1340 2767 DEF was received and dental data are present. 436-438 Examiner Number Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 436-438 Examiner Number 550 Examiner coded 550 3477 665 45 551 Examiner coded 551 3617 675 1378 553 Examiner coded 553 146 0 166 556 Examiner coded 556 0 0 1178 Blank 222 17 67 439 Teeth Present Code Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 439 Teeth Present Code (computed) 0 Teeth present in mouth 7015 1253 2663 1 No teeth present in mouth 200 85 92 2 Predentulous 25 2 12 Blank 222 17 67 440-466 Tooth Counts - Upper Arch 440-466 Tooth Counts - Upper Arch (computed) Each count is the sum of certain tooth Status Codes. The numbers in parentheses identify those codes (defined at Position 681). 440-441 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 440-441 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth (0) Coded only in predentulous records. 00 Not predentulous, upper arch 7215 1338 2755 10 Predentulous, upper arch (ten unerupted, 25 2 12 deciduous, upper teeth) Blank 222 17 67 442-443 Present Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 442-443 Present Deciduous Teeth (1,2,3) Sound, decayed, or filled primaries. 00-10 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 444-445 Decayed Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 444-445 Decayed deciduous teeth (2) Primary teeth having any decay. 00-10 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 446-447 Filled Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 446-447 Filled Deciduous Teeth (3) Filled primary teeth without decay. 00-09 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 448-449 Unerupted Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 448-449 Unerupted Permanent Teeth (4) Except for predentulous records, all unerupted teeth, primary or permanent, are coded as unerupted permanent teeth. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 450-451 Total Permanent Teeth Present Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 450-451 Total Permanent Teeth Present (5,6,7) Sound, decayed, and filled permanent teeth. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 452-453 Sound Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 452-453 Sound Permanent Teeth (5) Permanent teeth without fillings or decay. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 454-455 Decayed Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 454-455 Decayed Permanent Teeth (6) Permanent teeth having any decay. 00-13 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 456-457 Filled Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 456-457 Filled Permanent Teeth (7) Filled permanent teeth without decay. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 458-459 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 458-459 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries (8) 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 460-461 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious Reasons Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 460-461 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious or Unknown Reasons (9) This count includes all teeth that were not recorded on the Dental Examination Form as well as teeth recorded as missing for non-carious reasons. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 462-463 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 462-463 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) (6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, edentulous arches in adults may have DMFT scores of 0, not 16. 00-16 Upper teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 464-466 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Tooth Surface Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 464-466 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Tooth Surfaces (DMFS) (Surface codes 6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, edentulous arches in adults may have DMFS scores of 0, not 74. 000-074 Upper surfaces 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 467-493 Tooth Counts - Lower Arch 467-493 Tooth Counts - Lower Arch (Computed) Each count is the sum of certain tooth Status Codes. The numbers in parentheses identify those codes (defined at Position 681). 467-468 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 467-468 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth (0) Coded only in predentulous records. 00 Not predentulous, lower arch 7215 1338 2755 10 Predentulous, lower arch (ten 25 2 12 unerupted, deciduous, lower teeth) Blank 222 17 67 469-470 Present Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 469-470 Present Deciduous Teeth (1,2,3) Sound, decayed, or filled primaries. 00-10 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 471-472 Decayed Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 471-472 Decayed Deciduous Teeth (2) Primary teeth having any decay. 00-09 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 473-474 Filled Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 473-474 Filled Deciduous Teeth (3) Filled primary teeth without decay. 00-08 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 475-476 Unerupted Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 475-476 Unerupted Permanent Teeth (4) Except for predentulous records, all unerupted teeth, primary or permanent, are coded as unerupted permanent teeth. 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 477-478 Total Permanent Teeth Present Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 477-478 Total Permanent Teeth Present (5,6,7) Sound, decayed, and filled permanent teeth. 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 479-480 Sound Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 479-480 Sound Permanent Teeth (5) Permanent teeth without fillings or decay. 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 481-482 Decayed Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 481-482 Decayed Permanent Teeth (6) Permanent teeth having any decay. 00-13 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 483-484 Filled Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 483-484 Filled Permanent Teeth (7) Filled permanent teeth without decay. 00-13 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 485-486 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 485-486 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries (8) 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 487-488 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious Reasons Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 487-488 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious or Unknown Reasons (9) This count includes all teeth that were not recorded on the Dental Examination Form as well as teeth recorded as missing for non-carious reasons. 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 489-490 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 489-490 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) (6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, edentulous arches in adults may have DMFT scores of 0, not 16. 00-16 Lower teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 491-493 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Tooth Surface Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 491-493 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Tooth Surfaces (DMFS) (Surface codes 6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, edentulous arches in adults may have DMFS scores of 0, not 74. 000-074 Lower surfaces 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 494-520 Tooth Counts - Both Arches Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 494-520 Tooth Counts - Both Arches (computed) Each count is the sum of certain tooth Status Codes. The numbers in parentheses identify those codes (defined at Position 681). 494-495 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 494-495 Unerupted Deciduous Teeth (0) Coded only in predentulous records. 00 Not predentulous 7215 1338 2755 20 Predentulous 25 2 12 Blank 222 17 67 496-497 Present Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 496-497 Present Deciduous Teeth (1,2,3) Sound, decayed, or filled primaries. 00-20 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 498-499 Decayed Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 498-499 Decayed Deciduous Teeth (2) Primary teeth having any decay. 00-19 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 500-501 Filled Deciduous Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 500-501 Filled Deciduous Teeth (3) Filled primary teeth without decay. 00-13 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 502-503 Unerupted Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 502-503 Unerupted Permanent Teeth (4) Except for predentulous records, all unerupted teeth, primary or permanent, are coded as unerupted permanent teeth. 00-31 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 504-505 Total Permanent Teeth Present Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 504-505 Total Permanent Teeth Present (5,6,7) Sound, decayed, and filled permanent teeth. 00-32 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 506-507 Sound Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 506-507 Sound Permanent Teeth (5) Permanent teeth without fillings or decay. 00-32 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 508-509 Decayed Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 508-509 Decayed Permanent Teeth (6) Permanent teeth having any decay. 00-24 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 510-511 Filled Permanent Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 510-511 Filled Permanent Teeth (7) Filled permanent teeth without decay. 00-29 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 512-513 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 512-513 Permanent Teeth Missing Because of Caries (8) 00-28 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 514-515 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious Reasons Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 514-515 Permanent Teeth Missing for Non-Carious or Unknown Reasons (9) This count includes all teeth that were not recorded on the Dental Examination Form as well as teeth recorded as missing for non-carious reasons. 00-32 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 516-517 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 516-517 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) (6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, fully edentulous adults may have DMFT scores of 0, not 32. 00-32 Teeth 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 518-520 Total Decayed, Missing, & Filled Permanent Tooth Surface Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 518-520 Total Decayed, Missing, and Filled Permanent Tooth Surfaces (DMFS) (Surface codes 6,7,8) This count does not include teeth missing for unknown or non-carious reasons and teeth not coded on the Dental Examination Form. Therefore, fully edentulous adults may have DMFS scores of 0, not 148. 000-148 Surfaces 7240 1340 2767 Blank 222 17 67 Index to Tabular Data (Positions 521-814) General Information Beginning with Positions 521, most dental examination data are presented in 10 tables. Each table is in three parts, each part representing one of the subpopulations survey: M - Mexican Americans, C = Cuban Americans, and P = Puerto Ricans. Table 1, for example, is comprised of Table 1 M for Mexican Americans, Table 1 C for Cuban Americans, and Table 1 P for Puerto Ricans. Additionally, the title of the table reflects which subpopulation is represented. 1-4 Surface Status Codes for Each Tooth (Pos. 521-680) TABLE CONTENT POSITION 1-4 SURFACE STATUS CODES FOR EACH TOOTH (Pos. 521-680) 1 Frequency Counts for Upper Left Quandrant by Tape 521-560 Position, Tooth Surface, and Surface Code 2 Frequency Counts for Upper Right Quandrant by Tape 561-600 Position, Tooth Surface, and Surface Code 3 Frequency Counts for Lower Left Quandrant by Tape 601-640 Position, Tooth Surface, and Surface Code 4 Frequency Counts for Lower Right Quandrant by Tape 641-680 Position, Tooth Surface, and Surface Code 5 Frequency Counts for All Teeth by Tape Position (Pos. 681-712) TABLE CONTENT POSITION 5 Frequency Counts for All Teeth by Tape Position, 681-712 Tooth, and Tooth Status Code 6 Frequency Counts for Oral Hygiene Scores (Pos. 725-736) TABLE CONTENT POSITION 6 Frequency Counts for Oral Hygiene Scores by Tape 725-736 Position, Target Tooth, and Oral Hygiene Code 7-10 Treatment Needs for Each Tooth (Pos. 751-814) TABLE CONTENT POSITION 7-10 TREATMENT NEEDS FOR EACH TOOTH (Pos. 751-814) 7 Frequency Counts for Upper Left Quadrant by Treatment 751-766 Need Code, Tape Position, and Tooth 8 Frequency Counts for Upper Right Quadrant by Treatment 767-782 Need Code, Tape Position, and Tooth 9 Frequency Counts for Lower Left Quadrant by Treatment 783-798 Need Code, Tape Position, and Tooth 10 Frequency Counts for Lower Right Quadrant by Treatment 799-814 Need Code, Tape Position, and Tooth 521-680 Surface Status Codes for Each Tooth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 521-680 Surface Status Codes for Each Tooth. DEF 521-560 Table 1. Upper Left Quadrant 561-600 Table 2. Upper Right Quadrant 601-640 Table 3. Lower Left Quadrant 641-680 Table 4. Lower Right Quadrant Individual teeth are identified with a four-position code: ULCI 1234 Positions 1 and 2 = Quadrant Position 1 = Upper or Lower (U or L) Position 2 = Left or Right (L or R) Positions 3 and 4 = Specific Tooth CI = Central Incisor SB = Second Bicuspid LI = Lateral Incisor FM = First Molar C = Cuspid SM = Second Molar FB = First Bicuspid TM = Third Molar Surface Codes: L = Lingual B = Buccal M = Mesial D = Distal O = Occlusal Surface Status Codes: 0 = Unerupted primary surface, predentulous records 1 = Sound primary surface 2 = Decayed primary surface 3 = Filled primary surface without decay (surface coded 2 if decay present) 4 = Unerupted permanent surface 5 = Sound permanent surface 6 = Decayed permanent surface 7 = Filled permanent surface (surface coded 6 if decay present) 8 = Missing permanent surface because of caries 9 = Missing permanent surface for non-carious or unknown reason. This code is also used for surfaces not recorded on the Dental Examination Form. Blank = Occlusal surface on incisor or cuspid 681-712 Tooth Status Codes for Each Tooth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 681-712 Tooth Status Codes for Each Tooth. DEF Table 5. All Teeth Individual teeth are identified with a four-position code: ULCI 1234 Positions 1 and 2 = Quadrant Position 1 = Upper or Lower (U or L) Position 2 = Left or Right (L or R) Positions 3 and 4 = Specific Tooth CI = Central Incisor SB = Second Bicuspid LI = Lateral Incisor FM = First Molar C = Cuspid SM = Second Molar FB = First Bicuspid TM = Third Molar Tooth Status Codes: 0 = Unerupted primary tooth, predentulous records 1 = Sound primary tooth 2 = Decayed primary tooth 3 = Filled primary tooth without decay (tooth coded 2 if decay present) 4 = Unerupted permanent tooth 5 = Sound permanent tooth 6 = Decayed permanent tooth 7 = Filled permanent tooth (tooth coded 6 if decay present) 8 = Missing permanent tooth because of caries 9 = Missing permanent tooth for non-carious or unknown reason. This code is also used for teeth not recorded on the Dental Examination Form. 713-724 Periodontal Scores 713-724 PERIODONTAL SCORES : The way periodontal scores were recorded will not allow analysis of data for INDIVIDUAL TEETH. Periodontal data are therefore presented only by ARCH. 713-721 Computed Periodontal Index (P.I.) 713-721 Computed Periodontal Index (P.I.) The index is the sum of valid periodontal scores for each present tooth divided by the total teeth present. Format is x.xx; decimal point is not present. 713-715 Upper Periodontal Index (Upper Arch) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 713-715 Upper Periodontal Index (Upper Arch) Computed 0.00-8.00 Computed value 6782 1141 2530 888 Inconsistent data 83 0 0 999 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 375 119 237 Blank 222 17 67 716-718 Lower Periodontal Index (Lower Arch) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 716-718 Lower Periodontal Index (Lower Arch) Computed 0.00-8.00 Computed value 6908 1238 2648 888 Inconsistent data 69 0 0 999 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 263 102 119 Blank 222 17 67 719-721 Periodontal Index for the Month (Both Arches) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 719-721 Periodontal Index for the Mouth Computed (Both Arches) 0.00-8.00 Computed value 6850 1243 2658 888 Inconsistent data 139 0 0 999 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 251 97 109 Blank 222 17 67 722-724 Computed Periodontal Classification Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 722-724 Computed Periodontal Classification 1 = No periodontal disease: Computed P.I. is in range 0.00-0.05 with no score of 6 or 8 for any tooth 2 = Gingivitis: Computed P.I. is in range 0.06-2.00 with no score of 6 or 8 for any tooth 3 = Pockets: There are one to three periodontal scores of 6 or 8 for individual teeth 4 = Four or More Pockets: There are at least four periodontal scores of 6 or 8 for individual teeth 8 = Inconsistent Data 9 = No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth Blank 722 Upper Periodontal Classification Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 722 Upper Periodontal Classification Computed Upper Arch 1 No periodontal disease 2298 436 483 2 Gingivitis 4220 660 1887 3 Pockets 160 36 104 4 Four or more pockets 104 9 56 8 Inconsistent data 83 0 0 9 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 375 199 237 Blank 222 17 67 723 Lower Periodontal Classification (Lower Arch) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 723 Lower Periodontal Classification Computed (Lower Arch) 1 No periodontal disease 1628 263 338 2 Gingivitis 4833 893 2150 3 Pockets 226 69 78 4 Four or more pockets 221 13 82 8 Inconsistent data 69 0 0 9 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 263 102 119 Blank 222 17 67 724 Periodontal Classification for the Mouth (Both Arches) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 724 Periodontal Classification for the Mouth Computed (Both Arches) 1 No periodontal disease1618 279 333 2 Gingivitis 4725 859 2092 3 Pockets 249 80 120 4 Four or more pockets 258 25 113 8 Inconsistent data 139 0 0 9 No recorded P.I. scores for individual teeth 251 97 109 Blank 222 17 67 725-736 Oral Hygiene Index Scores, Target Teeth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 725-736 Oral Hygiene Index Scores, Target Teeth DEF See Section B for a full discussion of this index. Table 6. Targeted Teeth Debris Codes: 0 No debris or stain present. 1 Soft debris covering not more than the gingival third of the tooth surface OR presence of extrinsic stains without debris regardless of the surface area covered. 2 Soft debris covering more than one third but not more than two thirds of the exposed tooth surface. 3 Soft debris covering more than two thirds of the tooth surface. 9 No target tooth or not recorded. Calculus Codes: 0 No calculus present. 1 Supragingival calculus covering not more than one third of the exposed tooth surface. 2 Supragingival calculus covering more than one third but not more than two thirds of the exposed tooth surface; OR individual flecks of calculus were present around the cervical portion of the tooth. 3 Supragingival calculus covering more than two thirds of the tooth surface OR a continuous heavy band of supragingival calculus around the cervical portion of the tooth. 9 No target tooth or not recorded. 737-739 Debris Index Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 737-739 Debris Index Computed The Debris Index (or Calculus Index) is the sum of valid Debris scores (or Calculus scores) divided by the number of scores summed. 0.00-3.00 Computed value 494 1104 2620 999 No Debris scores recorded 746 236 147 Blank 222 17 67 740-742 Calculus Index Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 740-742 Calculus Index Computed 0.00-3.00 Computed value 6494 1104 2620 999 No Calculus scores recorded 746 236 147 Blank 222 17 67 743-745 Oral Hygiene Index O.H.I. (Debris and Calculus) Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 743-745 Oral Hygiene Index O.H.I. (Debris and Computed Calculus) 0.00-3.00 Computed value 6494 1104 2620 999 No O.H.I. scores recorded 746 236 147 Blank 222 17 67 746 Orthodontic Treatment in Progress Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 746 Orthodontic Treatment In Progress DEF See Section B for discussion of special record. 1 Yes 113 32 17 3 No 6917 1219 2648 9 Not recorded 210 89 102 Blank 222 17 67 747 Orthodontic Treatment Previous Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 747 Orthodontic Treatment Previous DEF 1 Yes 205 64 27 3 No 6804 1170 2632 5 Don't know 18 16 5 9 Not recorded 213 90 103 Blank 222 17 67 748 Severe Malocclusion Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 748 Severe Malocclusion DEF 1 Yes 39 7 86 3 No 6953 1236 2563 9 Not recorded 248 97 118 Blank 222 17 67 749 Upper Denture Status Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 749 Upper Denture Status DEF 0 Teeth present or predentulous6935 1159 2560 1 Denture absent 37 7 16 3 Denture present 181 137 156 5 Defective denture present 73 26 28 9 Status not recorded 14 11 7 Blank 222 17 67 750 Lower Denture Status Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 750 Lower Denture Status DEF 0 Teeth present or predentulous7030 1251 2670 1 Denture absent 39 14 14 3 Denture present 111 61 62 5 Defective denture present 54 14 19 9 Status not recorded 6 0 2 Blank 222 17 67 751-814 Treatment Needs for Each Tooth Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 751-814 Treatment Needs for Each Tooth. DEF See Section B for discussion of inconsistencies between needs and status codes. 751-766 Table 7. Upper Left Quadrant 767-782 Table 8. Upper Right Quadrant 783-798 Table 9. Lower Left Quadrant 799-814 Table 10. Lower Right Quadrant Individual teeth are identified with a four-position code: ULCI 1234 Positions 1 and 2 = Quadrant Position 1 = Upper or Lower (U or L) Position 2 = Left or Right (L or R) Positions 3 and 4 = Specific Tooth CI = Central Incisor SB = Second Bicuspid LI = Lateral Incisor FM = First Molar C = Cuspid SM = Second Molar FB = First Bicuspid TM = Third Molar Treatment Need Codes: 00 = No treatment needed 10 = One 1-surface restoration needed 19 = One 1-surface restoration AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 20 = One 2-surface restoration needed; OR two 1-surface restorations needed 29 = Two surface restorations AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 30 = One 3-surface restoration needed; OR one 2-surface restoration and one 1-surface restoration needed; OR three 1-surface restorations needed 39 = Three surface restorations and root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 40 = More than three surfaces need restoration , but not a crown 49 = More than three surface restorations AND root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 50 = Extraction of primary tooth 60 = Extraction of permanent tooth 70 = Crown (primary or permanent) 80 = Tooth replacement needed (when permanent tooth already missing and replacement needed) 90 = Root canal or other pulpal treatment needed 68 = Extraction of permanent tooth and replacement needed 79 = Pulpal treatment and a crown needed 99 = Not recorded 815-820 Blank Position Item description Counts Source and code M C P and notes 815-820 Blank GENERAL NOTES, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND DENTAL DATA Family Questionnaire Missing A Family Questionnaire was to be completed for each eligible family in a household with sample persons. However, a few Family Questionnaires are missing. Data records for sample persons in families with missing questionnaires are flagged with a code = 1, and all family data are blank. Data records for sample persons in families with a Family Questionnaire are flagged with a code = 2. During the Mexican-American portion of the HHANES survey, a Family Questionnaire continuation booklet containing sample person information was lost for one sample person. Therefore, the sociodemographic data for this sample person are missing. The reference person, family composition, income, residence, and household data for this person were obtained from another person in the household. Examination Status Not all sample persons consented to come to a Mobile Examination Center to participate in the examination phase of the survey. In certain rare instances (less than 0.1%), sample persons who came to the Mobile Examination Centers did not participate in sufficient components of the examination to be considered as "examined." This data field contains code = 1 for those persons who participated fully in the examination phase, and code = 2 for those who did not come to the examination center or who did not satisfactorily complete the examination. Family Number All related sample persons in the same family unit have the same computer generated family unit code. This will enable detailed analyses of individual family units. Reference Person In general, the first household member 18 years of age or older mentioned by respondents in answer to Question 1b on the Household Screener Questionnaire (i.e., the person or one of the persons who owns or rents the dwelling unit) was designated as the "reference person." If no household member occupying the dwelling unit owned or rented the unit, the reference person was the first household member mentioned who was 18 years of age or older. Rarely, a dwelling unit was occupied entirely by persons under 18 years old. When this occurred, the reference person was designated according to the following rules: a. If one of the household members owned or was renting the sample unit, that person was the reference person. b. If more than one household member owned or was renting the sample unit, the oldest owner or renter was the reference person. c. If none of the household members owned or rented the sample unit, the oldest household member was designated as the reference person. There is, therefore, only one reference person per household, and this person is considered the head of the first family listed. In order to determine household and family composition, the relationships of each household member to the reference person were established, and the household members sorted by family group. Each secondary family (that is, group of people related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption but not related to the reference person's family) has a "head of family" designated. Observed Race "Race" was observed by the interviewer for all sample persons actually seen. Rules for classification of observed race were consistent with those used in the NHANES II and the National Health Interview Survey at that time. The categories were coded as follows: White Includes Spanish origin persons unless they are definitely Black, Indian or other nonwhite. Black Black or negro. Other Race other than White or Black, including Japanese, Chinese, American Indian, Korean, Eskimo. National Origin or Ancestry The value for national origin or ancestry is based on Item 2c in the Household Screener Questionnaire and was reported by the household respondent for all household members. If "other Latin-American or other Spanish" (code 9) or "Other" (code 0) was recorded and the specified origin was "Spanish-American" or "Spanish (Spain)", a code of 10 or 11, respectively, was assigned. If more than one category was reported, the first Mexican-origin code (1,2,3,8,10, or 11), if any, was assigned. If none of these codes were recorded, the first category entered was coded. Codes for States and Foreign Countries Code State or Foreign Country 001 Alabama 002 Alaska 004 Arizona 005 Arkansas 006 California 008 Colorado 009 Connecticut 010 Delaware 011 District of Columbia 012 Florida 013 Georgia 015 Hawaii 016 Idaho 017 Illinois 018 Indiana 019 Iowa 020 Kansas 021 Kentucky 022 Louisiana 023 Maine 024 Maryland 025 Massachusetts 026 Michigan 027 Minnesota 028 Mississippi 029 Missouri 030 Montana 031 Nebraska 032 Nevada 033 New Hampshire 034 New Jersey 035 New Mexico 036 New York 037 North Carolina 038 North Dakota 039 Ohio 040 Oklahoma 041 Oregon 042 Pennsylvania 044 Rhode Island 045 South Carolina 046 South Dakota 047 Tennessee 048 Texas 049 Utah 050 Vermont 051 Virginia 053 Washington 054 West Virginia 055 Wisconsin 056 Wyoming 060 American Samoa 093 Canada 061 Canal Zone 062 Canton and Enderbury Islands 091 Central America 095 Costa Rica 063 Cuba 064 Dominican Republic 065 El Salvador 062 Enderbury Islands 087 Germany 066 Guam 068 Guatemala 069 Haiti 088 Honduras 070 Jamaica 090 Japan 067 Johnston Atoll 080 Mexico 071 Midway Islands 081 Nicaragua 096 Palestine 097 Austria 098 Lebanon 099 Chile 100 Philippines 101 Brazil 102 Holland 103 Columbia 082 Panama 072 Puerto Rico 092 Saudi Arabia 083 Spain 094 Taiwan 089 Turkey 084 Uruguay 085 Venezuela 073 Ryukyu Islands, Southern 074 Swan Islands 075 Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands (includes Caroline, Mariana and Marshall Island groups) 076 U.S. miscellaneous Caribbean Islands (includes Navassa Islands, Quito Sueno Bank, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank and Serranilla Bank) 077 U.S. miscellaneous Pacific Islands (includes Kingman Reef, Howland, Baker & Jarvis Islands, and Palmyra Atoll) 086 United States 078 Virgin Islands 079 Wake Island 104 Azores 105 Peru 106 England 107 Vietnam 108 Italy 109 Equador 110 North America 111 Surinam 112 Argentina 113 Portugal 114 Trinidad 115 Egypt 116 Sudan 117 British Honduras 118 China 888 Blank but applicable Eligibility The eligibility code specified whether the sample person is considered to be "eligible" for the Mexican-American portion of the survey. Eligibility was established as follows: a. If national origin or ancestry was 1,2,3,8,10, or 11, then eligibility = 1; b. If national origin or ancestry was 4,5,6,7,9, or 0 but the person specified Mexican/Mexicano, Chicano, Mexican-American, or Hispano self-identification on the Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (question M-10), or the person was the biological child of an eligible household member (as determined by questions A-1/A-11 on the Family Questionnaire), then eligibility = 1; c. In all other cases, eligibility = 2. Eligibility may be used in analysis one of two ways: a. Selecting on eligibility = 1 will restrict analysis to Mexican Americans only. In this case the weighted estimates by age and sex will approximately equal U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates of the number of Mexican Americans and a small proportion of other Hipanics assumed to be Hispano in the five Southwest states (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas) at the midpoint of the Mexican-American portion of Hispanic HANES - March 1983. b. Using eligibility greater than 0, that is all sample persons, will include Mexican and non-Mexican origin persons and the weighted estimates by age and sex will overestimate the U.S. Bureau of Census population estimates of Mexican Americans and other Hispanics by about 4.5 percent. Industry and Occupation Code Family Questionnaire questions B-12 through B-15 (see page 117 or 139 of Ref. No. 1 in Section C) identified sample persons 17 years old or older who were in the labor force working for pay at a job or business or who worked without pay in a family business or farm operated by a related member of the household without receiving wages or salary for work performed. Questions B-17 through B-22 provided a full description of sample persons' current or most recent job or business. The detail asked for in these questions was necessary to properly and accurately code each occupation and industry. Interviewers were trained to define a job as a definite arrangement for regular work for pay every week or every month. This included arrangements for either regular part-time or regular full-time work. If a sample person was absent from his or her regular job, worked at more than one job, was on layoff from a job or was looking for work during the two week reference period, interviewers were trained to use the following criteria to determine the job described: a. If a sample person worked at more than one job during the two week reference period or operated a farm or business and also worked for someone else, the job at which he or she worked the most hours was described. If the sample person worked the same number of hours at all jobs, the job at which he or she had been employed the longest was entered. If the sample person was employed at all the same length of time, the job the sample person considered the main job was entered. b. If a sample person was absent from his or her regular job all of the two week reference period, but worked temporarily at another job, the job at which the sample person actually worked was described, not the job from which he or she was absent. c. If a sample person had a job but did not work at all during the two week reference period, the job he or she held was described. d. If a sample person was on layoff during the two week reference period, the job from which he or she was laid off, regardless of whether a full-time or part-time job, was described. e. If a sample person was looking for work or waiting to begin a new job within 30 days of the interview, the last full-time civilian job which lasted two consecutive weeks or more was described. The 1980 census of population Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations was used in the coding of both industry and occupation. This book has Library of Congress Number 80-18360, and is for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for $3.00. Its Stock Number is 003024049-2. Reasons for Not Being Covered by Health Insurance Question C-13 (see page 121 or 143 of Ref. No. 1 in Section C) probes for multiple reasons sample persons were not covered by any health insurance. Question C-15 probed for the main reason sample persons were not covered by any health insurance. If question C-15 was coded 00, the answer in C-13 was coded in Question C-15. If multiple reasons were given in Question C-13 and one of these reasons was given as the main reason in Question C-15, then the first reason circled which was not the main reason in Question C-15 was coded in Question C-13. Positions 86-87 contain the main reason sample persons were not covered by any health insurance. Positions 83-84 contain the secondary reason, if more than one reason was given, that sample persons were not covered by any health insurance. Per Capita Income Per capita income was computed by dividing the total combined family income by the number of people in the family. Poverty Index The poverty index is a ratio of two components. The numerator is the midpoint of the income bracket reported for each family in the Family Questionnaire (E-11). Respondents were asked to report total combined family income during the 12 months preceding the interview. The denominator is a poverty threshold which varied with the number of persons in the family, the adult/child composition of the family, the age of the reference person, and the month and the year in which the family was interviewed. Poverty thresholds published in Bureau of the Census reports* are based on calendar years and were adjusted to reflect differences caused by inflation between calendar years and 12 month income reference periods to which * U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 138, "Characteristics of the Population Below the Poverty Level: 1981", U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1983. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 144, "Characteristics of the Population Below the Poverty Level: 1982", U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1984. question E-11 referred. Average Consumer Price Indexes for all Urban consumers (CPI-U) for the calendar year for which the poverty thresholds were published (see table below) and for the 12 months representing the income reference period for the respondent were calculated. The percentage difference between these two numbers represents the inflation between these two periods and was applied to the poverty threshold appropriate for the family (based on the characteristics listed above). For example, for a family interviewed in November, 1983, the 1982 poverty threshold was updated to reflect inflation by multiplying by the percent change in the average CPI-U for the 12 month reference period, which would have been November, 1982 through October, 1983, over the calendar year January through December, 1982, in this example. To compute poverty indexes, the midpoint of the total combined family income bracket was divided by the updated poverty threshold. Average Consumer Price Index, all Urban Consumers (CPI-U), U.S. City Average, 1981-84 Month Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 January 260.5 282.5 293.1 305.2 February 263.2 283.4 293.2 306.6 March 265.1 283.1 293.4 307.3 April 266.8 284.3 295.5 308.8 May 269.0 287.1 297.1 309.7 June 271.3 290.6 298.1 310.7 July 274.4 292.2 299.3 311.7 August 276.5 292.8 300.3 313.0 September 279.3 293.3 301.8 October 279.9 294.1 302.6 November 280.7 293.6 303.1 December 281.5 292.4 303.5 Average 272.4 289.1 298.4 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Members of families with incomes equal to or greater than poverty thresholds have poverty indexes equal to or greater than 1.0 and can be described as "at or above poverty"; those with incomes less than the poverty threshold have indexes less than 1.0 and can be described as "below poverty". Poverty thresholds used were computed on a national basis only. No attempt was made to adjust these thresholds for regional, State, or other variations in the cost of living. None of the noncash public welfare benefits such as food stamp bonuses were included in the income of the low income families receiving these benefits. Size of Place and SMSA Codes for size of place and SMSA were obtained from Bureau of Census summary tape files (STF1B). A place is a concentration of population. Most places are incorporated as cities, towns, villages, or boroughs, but others are defined by the Bureau of the Census around definite residential nuclei with dense, city-type street patterns, with, ideally, at least 1,000 persons per square mile. The boundaries of Census defined places may not coincide with civil divisions. A Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) is a large population nucleus and nearby communities which have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. Generally, an SMSA includes one or more central cities, all urbanized areas around the city or cities, and the remainder of the county or counties in which the urbanized areas are located. SMSAs are designed by the Office of Management and Budget. The same place size and SMSA codes were assigned to all persons in the same segment (for the definition of segments see Ref. No. 1 in Section C). In a few cases segments were divided by place boundaries. In these cases codes were assigned after inspecting segment maps. If the segment was predominantly in one place, then the place code for that place was used. If the segment was approximately evenly divided, the code for the larger place was used. Home Heating Questions E-3 through E-6, pertaining to the main fuel and equipment used for heating the home, appear to have codes which are inconsistent. It has been verified that these are the codes that were recorded on the original document; that is, codes that appear inconsistent were not incorrectly keyed. Acculturation Score The acculturation score is based on Questions M-1/M-16 of the Adult Sample Person Questionnaire and Question B-6 of the Family Questionnaire. These questions were combined to produce eight acculturation variables: What language do you speak? What language do you prefer? Can you read Spanish? English? Which do you read better? Can you write Spanish? English? Which do you write better? How do you identify yourself? What ethnic identification does/did your mother use? What ethnic identification does/did your father use? Where were you born? Your mother? Your father? These eight variables represent a subset of the twenty-item Cuellar scale that served as a prototype for the HHANES questions (Cuellar et.al., 1980). Each of the first seven variables was scored from 1 to 5, where 1 represents the strongest Spanish language/Mexican orientation and 5 represents the strongest English language/American orientation. The eighth variable was scored either 1, 2 or 4. The acculturation score is the arithmetic mean of the scores of these eight variables. It occupies a two-digit field that is scaled from 1.0 to 4.9, where the minimum value (1.0) indicates the strongest Spanish language/Mexican orientation and the maximum value (4.9) indicates the strongest English language/American orientation. The responses and coding of the eight individual variables are shown below: The coding for the first two variables, "What language do you speak?" and "What language do you prefer?", was as follows: 1. Spanish only 2. Mostly Spanish, some English 3. Spanish and English about equally 4. Mostly English, some Spanish 5. English only The variable on the ability to read English or Spanish and the variable on the ability to write English or Spanish were each coded as follows: 1. Only Spanish 2. Spanish better than English 3. Both Spanish and English equally well 4. English better than Spanish 5. Only English The three variables on ethnic identification (How do you identify yourself? Which ethnic identification does/did your mother/father use?) were coded as follows: 1. Mexican 2. Chicano 3. Mexican-American 4. Other Spanish; Spanish-, Latin-, Hispanic-American, American 5. Anglo or other The variable on place of birth (Where were you born? Your mother? Your father?) was coded as follows: 1. Born in Mexico 2. Not born in Mexico, one or both parents born in Mexico 4. Not born in Mexico, neither parent born in Mexico. This variable on place of birth was meant to replicate Cuellar's item "generation"; but, due to gaps in the data collected in HHANES, it does not include five generation levels. Specifically, a 1 represents first generation (persons born in Mexico) and a 2 represents second generation (person born in the U.S. and either or both parents born in Mexico). Cuellar's scale incorporated information on the grandparent's birthplace to distinguish between the third, fourth, and fifth generations. Although HHANES did not include data on grandparent's birthplace, persons of the third generation or higher are those persons not born in Mexico with neither parent born in Mexico. They were assigned a score of 4. The user should be aware of the treatment of illiteracy in the development of the acculturation score. In order to compute an acculturation score for those persons who could either not read, not write, or both, the mean of each individual's scores on the remaining six or seven variables was assigned to the individual's scores for reading, writing, or both. This was the only imputation performed in the eight acculturation variables; persons with missing values for any other variables were excluded from the computations for the acculturation score. The documentation for the HHANES Public Use Data Tape on adult medical histories (scheduled release, March 1986) contains greater detail on responses and coding of the variables. The interpretation of measures of acculturation has been the topic of much research and analysis. For a discussion of alternative theoretical perspectives, users are referred to: o Cuellar, I., Harris, L.C. and Jasso, R.: An acculturation scale for Mexican American normalized clinical populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2(3): 199-217, 1980. o Montgomery, G.T., and Orazco, S.: Validation of a measure of acculturation for Mexican Americans. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 6(1): 53-63, 1984/ o Olmedo, E.L.: Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American Psychologist. November: 1061-1070, 1979. o Teske, R.H.C. and Nelson, B.H.: Acculturation and assimilation: A clarification. American Ethnologist. May: 351-366, 1974. APPENDIX- DENTAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA General Information Discussion of Diagnostic Criteria at Examiner Session by Dr. Philip A. Swango, National Institute of Dental Research. Excerpted from the dental examiner's manual (Ref. No. 11). Slides and accompanying remarks not included. NOTE: This discussion was part of pre-survey dental examiner training. Since it took place, third molars were added to the teeth to be examined and recorded. Data Collection Introduction In carrying out this survey it is intended that the methods of data collection be as uniform as possible among the sites sampled. Probably the most important factor in obtaining uniform data is that the indices used to assess the disease state, which in this case are the DMF surface index for permanent teeth and the df surface index for deciduous teeth, be applied in a uniform manner by the various examiners throughout the entire survey. In working to achieve uniformity the examiners should be thoroughly familiar with the written criteria for diagnosing carious lesions, for determining whether lesions or restorations extend onto additional tooth surfaces, for determining the status of eruption of teeth and for determining the conditions for which certain teeth should be excluded from the analysis. Today I am going to describe for you the diagnostic criteria that we would like for you to use during the examinations. After describing these criteria we will show a series of slides which will serve to illustrate the use of the criteria. These are similar to the criteria that we use in the Community Programs Section for carrying out clinical investigations of caries-preventive agents. The diagnostic criteria for caries are, with one or two exceptions, those adopted by the Caries Measurement Task Group, Conference on Clinical Testing for Cariostatic Agents, sponsored by the American Dental Association in 1968. Before going into the discussion of the criteria, I would like to say that we are well aware that it is not possible to fully standardize you to these criteria by merely discussing the criteria and illustrating them with slides. Therefore, following this presentation we will work with you in conducting clinical examinations on a number of patients, including a number of duplicate examinations, and discuss any differences in interpretation. This will certainly serve to improve the degree of standardization. We feel confident that by the end of this training session you will feel comfortable with these criteria and hopefully will have reached an acceptable level of standardization. Criteria for Diagnosing Caries General Information on Lesion Categories I'd like to describe first the criteria for diagnosing caries. Carious lesions may be categorized into two types: frank lesions and incipient lesions. Frank lesions are detected as gross cavitation and thus present few problems in diagnosis. Incipient lesions, on the other hand, are less obvious and therefore are more difficult to diagnose consistently. Incipient lesions may be subdivided into 3 categories according to location, each with special diagnostic considerations. Types of Lesion Categories Pits and Fissures on Occlusal, Buccal, and Lingual Surfaces Pits and fissures on occlusal, buccal and lingual surfaces: These areas are carious when the explorer catches after insertion with moderate to firm pressure and when the catch is accompanied by one or more of the following signs of decay: (1) Softness at the base of the area. (2) Opacity adjacent to the area providing evidence of undermining or demineralization. (3) Softened enamel adjacent to the area which may be scraped away with the explorer. In other words, a deep pit or fissure per se in which the explorer catches is not sufficient evidence of decay; it must be accompanied by at least one of the above-named signs of decay. Smooth Areas on Labial, Buccal, or Lingual Surfaces Smooth areas on labial, buccal or lingual surfaces: These areas are carious if they are decalcified or if there is a white spot as evidence of subsurface demineralization and if the area is found to be soft by: (1) Penetration with the explorer. (2) Scraping away the enamel with the explorer. These areas should be diagnosed as sound when there is visual evidence of demineralization, but no evidence of softness. Proximal Surfaces Proximal surfaces: For areas exposed to direct visual and tactile examination, as when there is no adjacent tooth, the criteria are the same as those just presented for smooth areas on facial or lingual surfaces. For areas not available to direct visual-tactile examination, the following criterion applies: a discontinuity of the enamel in which the explorer will catch is carious if there is softness. In posterior teeth, visual evidence of undermining under a marginal edge is not acceptable evidence of a proximal lesion unless a surface break can be entered with the explorer. In the anterior teeth, however, transillumination can serve as a useful aid in discovering proximal lesions. Transillumination is achieved by placing a mirror lingually and positioning the examining light so that it passed through the teeth labio-lingually and reflects into the mirror. If a characteristic shadow or loss of translucency is seen on the proximal surface, then this is suggestive that a carious lesion is present on that surface. Ideally, the actual diagnosis of the lesion should be confirmed with the explorer by detecting a break in the continuity of the enamel surface. However, clear visualization of a lesion by transillumination can be accepted as a positive diagnosis. M Component of the DMF Surface Index The M component of the DMF surface index represents those permanent teeth that have been extracted as a result of caries. It is essential, of course, to distinguish between teeth extracted due to caries and those extracted or missing for other reasons such as trauma, orthodontic or periodontal disease. There is no "extracted due to caries" designation for deciduous teeth. Any deciduous tooth extracted for caries, and for the sake of consistency, any deciduous tooth missing for any reason will be recorded as "permanent unerupted" and coded as a U so long as the permanent successor has not appeared. F Component of the DMF and DF Indices The F component of the DMF and df indices simply stands for any tooth surface that has been filled, with either a permanent or temporary filling, as a result of carious involvement. Here also it is necessary to distinguish between surfaces restored for caries and those restored for other reasons such as trauma, hypoplasia or malformation. Applying DMF and DF Indices Teeth Restored with Full Coverage Teeth restored with full coverage -- if a permanent tooth bears a full crown restoration, the examiner must try to determine the reason the crown was placed. If the restoration was required because of caries, the tooth will be coded as all surfaced filled (5,6,7,8,9 on posterior, or 6,7,8,9 on anterior teeth). If the restoration is due to a fractured, malformed, or hypoplastic tooth, the tooth is scored Y. NOTE: This rule applies only to permanent teeth with full crowns or jackets. If a fracture, for example, has been restored with anything less than full coverage, all surfaces not involved by the restoration will be examined and scored in the usual manner. Deciduous teeth with full coverage (stainless steel or polycarbonate crowns) will always be scored as all surfaces filled, since these teeth are seldom crowned for any other reason. Banded or Bracketed Teeth Banded or bracketed teeth -- All visible surfaces are to be examined as well as possible and scored in the usual manner. Teeth Extracted for Orthodontic Reasons Teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons -- Certain teeth, typically first bicuspids, may have been extracted as part of orthodontic treatment. These teeth are scored as Y. The examiner must make the determination that the teeth were extracted for orthodontic reasons rather than caries, although this is not usually difficult because of the typically symmetrical patterns of such extractions. Rather than trying to determine whether the extracted teeth are 1st or 2nd bicuspids, we have adopted the convention of calling them 1st bicuspids. Teeth other than bicuspids may also be extracted for orthodontic reasons. In many cases the subject will have good recall of the reason for the extraction, and can help the examiner in making the correct determination. Non-Vital Teeth Non-vital teeth -- Non-vital teeth are to be scored in the usual manner. If in your opinion a restoration on a non-vital tooth was placed solely in order to seal a root canal filling and not for caries, that restoration will not be scored. Hypoplastic Teeth Hypoplastic teeth -- These are to be scored in the usual manner. However, if you can determine that a restoration on such a tooth was placed solely for esthetic reasons and not for caries, that restoration will not be scored. If a hypoplastic tooth is restored with a full crown, it is to be coded Y, as described in condition 1 above. Malformed Teeth Malformed teeth -- Score in the usual manner, unless restored with full coverage for esthetic reasons, in which case the tooth is coded Y. Congenitally Missing Teeth Congenitally missing teeth -- if you can determine that the tooth is congenitally missing rather than unerupted, score the tooth Y. Extracted or Missing Due to Trauma Extracted or missing due to trauma -- Scored Y for permanent teeth and U for deciduous. General Considerations Regarding Criteria/Other Exam Procedures There are a number of general considerations regarding criteria and other examination procedures that I would like to outline for you: 1. Stain and pigmentation alone should not be regarded as evidence of decay since either can occur on sound teeth. 2. A tooth is considered to be in eruption when ANY part of its crown projects through the gum. This criterion is, of course, easier to standardize on than one which calls for a more advanced stage of eruption. 3. In the case of supernumerary teeth, only one tooth is to be called. It is up to the examiner to decide which tooth is the "legitimate" occupant of the space. 4. Where both a deciduous and a permanent tooth are erupted into the same tooth space, only the permanent tooth is to be called. 5. Third molars are not included in the survey and there is no space provided for them on the examination form. When examining second molars it is important to note that a third molar may occupy a second molar space because of anterior drifting. If it can be determined that this has occurred, the diagnosis and call must relate to the status of the missing second molar, not the drifted third molar. If the second molar, for example, was extracted due to caries and the space is now occupied by a sound third molar, the second molar is scored E and the third molar is not scored. 6. When a crown is destroyed by caries and only the roots remain, this is recorded as "all surfaces carious". 7. When a tooth is carious and filled on the same surface, call the surface carious. In other words, caries takes priority over a filling. 8. When an adhesive sealant is present in a pit or fissure, and if there is no evidence of caries according to the criteria previously described or if there is no restoration present, that surface would be considered sound. 9. When a filling or carious lesion on a posterior tooth extends beyond the line angle onto another surface, then the other surface is also called carious or filled. However, a proximal lesion or filling on an anterior tooth is not considered to involve the adjacent lingual or labial surface unless it extends at least 1/3 of the distance to the opposite proximal surface. 10. For the purpose of the survey, incisal edges of anterior teeth are not considered as separate surfaces and are not represented on the data collection forms. If a lesion or restoration is confined solely to the incisal edge it should be scored as involving the nearest adjacent surface. 11. An effort should be made to examine each subject in the same manner. For example, an examiner should avoid the temptation to examine a subject more thoroughly who appears to be highly susceptible to caries and a person less thoroughly who appears less susceptible to caries. Also, it is well to systematize the examination procedure and to follow the same system for each patient. The exam forms are set up so that one must start with the upper left central incisor and proceed distally through the second molar. The same procedure is followed in sequence for the upper right, lower left and lower right quadrants. As an aid to consistency, each quadrant should be dried with compressed air prior to examination. It is also helpful to establish a systematic approach to examining each individual tooth. One approach is to examine the surfaces in the following order: lingual, labial, mesial and distal for the anterior teeth and occlusal, lingual, buccal, mesial, and distal for the posterior teeth. These orders are logical in that they correspond with the sequence displayed on the examination forms. It is not advisable to call out the code for each surface as that surface is examined. This is confusing to the recorder. It is better if the examiner accumulates the diagnostic codes in his mind for a given tooth until all surfaces have been examined before dictating the calls to the recorder. REFERENCES 1. National Center for Health Statistics: Maurer, K. R. and others: Plan and Operation of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1, No. 19. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 85-1321. Public Health Service. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. Sept., 1985. 2. National Center for Health Statistics: McCarthy, P.J.: Replication: An Approach to the Analysis of Data from Complex Surveys. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, No. 14. PHS Pub. No. 1000. Public Health Service. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. Apr., 1966. 3. Manual, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979. 4. Sample Survey Data. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1977. (Revised Apr., 1982 by B. V. Shah). 5. Hidiroglou, M. A., Fuller, W. A., and Hickman, R. D.: SUPERCARP. Sixth Edition. Survey Section, Statistical Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Oct., 1980. 6. Woodruff, R. S.: A Simple Method for Approximating the Variance of a Complicated Estimate. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66:411-414, 1971. 7. Shah, B. V.: SESUDAAN: Standard Errors Program for Computing of Standardized Rates from Sample Survey Data. RTI/5250/00-01S. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC. Apr., 1981. 8. SAS Users' Guide: Basics. SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC, 1982. 9. National Center for Health Statistics: Landis, J. R., Lepkowski, J. M., Eklund, S. A., and Stehouwer, S. A. A Statistical Methodology for Analyzing Data from a Complex Survey: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, No. 92. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 82-1366. Public Health Service. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. Sept., 1982. 10. Freedman, D. H. and Brock, D. B.: The Role of Covariance Matrix Estimation in the Analysis of Complex Sample Survey Data. In N. Krishnan Namboodiri, ed., Survey Sampling and Measurement. Symposium on Survey Sampling, 2d, University of North Carolina. New York, Academic Press, 1978. 11. National Center for Health Statistics: Instruction Manual Part 15d, Dental Examiner's Manual for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-84. Hyattsville, MD, 1985. 12. Russell, A. L.: A System of Classification and Scoring for Prevalence Surveys of Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 35 (3): 350-359, 1956. 13. Green, J. C. and Vermillon, J. R.: The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. JADA 68 (1) 7-13, 1964.
