Warning:

This document is being maintained for historical purposes, but is now out of date. To view current guidelines please visit:

• HIV/AIDS Guidelines and Recommendations   at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/guidelines/index.html

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Guidelines for Health Education and Risk Reduction Activities

April 1995
                
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, Georgia

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                                RESOURCES 
                                   AND 
                                REFERENCES

The following is a list of resources and references to help guide program
design and development.  They are divided into subheadings of health
education, materials development, public information, evaluation, and
behavioral risk factors and groups at risk.  These lists are starting
points for literature reviews or program design on these subjects, but they
are not exhaustive.

                             Health Education

Cataudella M, Miles T, Spicehandler D.  Mainstreaming AIDS Education via
Community Based Hotlines.  Abstracts of the 5th International Conference on
AIDS 1989;897.

Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines For AIDS Prevention Program
Operations. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
1987.

        Model Standards for Community Preventive Health Services: A Report
        to the U.S. Congress from the Secretary of Health, Education, and
        Welfare. Atlanta, GA:1979.

        Guidelines for STD Education. Atlanta, GA:1985.
        
        NCPS AIDS Community Demonstration Projects: What We Have Learned
        1985-1990. Atlanta, GA:1992.

        STD '93, Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention/Training Centers.
        Atlanta, GA:1993.

Fisher JD. Possible Effects of Reference Group-Based Social Influence on
AIDS-Risk Behavior and AIDS Prevention.  American Psychologist 1988;43(11):
914-920.

Glanz K, Lewis F, Rimer B.  Health Behavior and Health Education Theory:
Theory, Research, and Practice.  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990.

Green LW, Kreuter MW.  Health Promotion Planning:  An Educational and
Environmental Approach. Second Edition.  Mountain View, CA: Mayfield
Publishing Co., 1991.

Hunter A. The Loss of Community: An Empirical Test Through Replication. 
American Sociology Review 1975;40:527-552.

Montgomery SB, et al.  The Health Belief Model in Understanding Compliance
with Preventive Recommendations for AIDS:  How Useful?  AIDS Education and
Prevention 1989;1(4):303-323.

National Institutes of Health.  Making Health Communication Programs Work: 
A Planner's Guide.  NIH Publication No. 89-1493. Bethesda, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1989.

Office of Technology Assessment. How Effective is AIDS Education?  OTA
Staff Paper on AIDS-Related Issues, No. 3. Washington, DC: Office of
Technology Assessment, 1988.

O'Reilly K, Higgins D.  AIDS Community Demonstration Projects for HIV
Prevention Among Hard-To-Teach Groups.  Public Health Reports 1991;106(6):
714-720.

Parcel GS, Baranowski T.  Social Learning Theory and Health Education. 
Health Education 1981;3:14-18.

Rhodes F, Wolitski R.  Effect of Instructional Videotapes on AIDS Knowledge
and Attitudes.  Journal of American College Health 1989;37:266-271.

Soames Job RF. Effective and Ineffective Use of Fear in Health Promotion
Campaigns. American Journal of Public Health 1988;78(2):163-167.

Solomon MZ, DeJong W.  Preventing AIDS and Other STDs Through Condom
Promotion:  A Patient Education Intervention.  American Journal of Public
Health 1989;79(4):453-458.

Valdiserri RO.  Preventing AIDS: The Design of Effective Programs. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

Valentine, Jo.  Planning and Conducting Outreach Process Evaluation.
Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral and
Prevention Research Branch, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and
HIV Prevention, National Center for Prevention, March 1994.

Williams T, Douds J.  The Unique Contribution of Telephone Therapy. Crisis
Intervention and Counseling by Telephone. Springfield, IL: Charles C.
Thomas, 1973:80-88.


                           Materials Development

Allensworth DD, Luther CR.  Evaluating Printed Materials. Nurse Educator
1986;11(2):18-22.

Centers for Disease Control. Condoms for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases. MMWR 1988;37(9):133.

D'Augelli AR, Kennedy SP.  An Evaluation of AIDS Prevention Brochures for
University Women and Men.  AIDS Education and Prevention 1989;1(2):134-140.

Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH.  Teaching Patients with Low Literacy Skills. 
New York: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1985.

Ford K, Norris A.  Urban African-American and Hispanic Adolescents and
Young Adults:  Who Do They Talk to About AIDS and Condoms?  What Are They
Learning?  AIDS Education and Prevention 1991;3(3):197-206.

Freimuth, VS.  Assessing the Readability of Health Education Messages. 
Public Health Reports 1979;94(6):568-570.

KOBA Associates, Inc.  VD Control -- A National Strategy Under Review,
Information Materials and Campaigns.  Final Report, Contract No. 
HEW-OS-72-191, 1973.

Lohr G, Ventura MR, Crosby F, Burch K, Todd K.  An Experience in Designing
Patient Education Materials.  Journal of Nursing Staff Development 1989;
5(5):218-224.

Mohammed MF, Bucklin.  Patients' Understanding of Written Health
Information.  Nursing Research 1964;13(2):100-108.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.  Report of the NIAID
Study Group on Integrated Behavioral Research for Prevention and Control of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1990;17(4):
200-210.

National Institutes of Health. Making Health Communication Work: A
Planner's Guide.  NIH Publication No. 89-1493. Bethesda, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1989.

Pichert JW, Elam P.  Readability Formulas May Mislead You.  Patient
Education and Counseling 1985;7(2):181-191.

Robinson J III. Criteria for the Selection and Use of Health Education
Reading Materials.  Health Education 1988;19(4):31-34.

Scrimshaw SCM, Carballo M, Ramos L, Blair BA.  The AIDS Rapid
Anthropological Assessment Procedures:  A Tool for Health Education
Planning and Evaluation.  Health Education Quarterly 1991;18(1):111-123

                                     
                            Public Information

Division of Nutrition, Center for Chronic Disease and Prevention and Health
Promotion.  Nutrition Intervention in Chronic Disease: A Guide to Effective
Programs. New rev. ed. 

Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June, 1994.
Chapter 11, The Media.

Freimuth, V.  Are Mass Mediated Health Campaigns Effective? A Review of the
Empirical Evidence.  Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute, Bethesda, MD, January, 1994.

Gaining Access to Media Resources, No. HTP-5, Holding Press Conferences,
No. HTP 13, Working with Media Gatekeepers, No. HTP-6, and Writing and
Sending Press Releases, No. HTP-4, Health Promotion Resource Center,
Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention, 1000 Welch Road, Palo
Alto, CA 94304-1885, 415-723-0003.  (fees)

Hartman, NS. The Media and You, A Basic Survival Guide.  National Public
Health Information Coalition.  Available from Jim McVay, Director, Health
Promotion and Information, 434 Monroe Street, Montgomery, AL 36130-3017. 
Cost $5.00

National AIDS Information and Education Program. HIV/AIDS Managing Issues,
July 1994, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 

National AIDS Information and Education Program. HIV/AIDS Media Relations.
MS-F 59, Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July
1995.

National Institutes of Health.  Making Health Communication Programs Work,
A Planner's Guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, April 1992. 

New York State Healthy Heart Program, New York State Department of Health. 
How to Conduct Special Events.  January 1993, Albany, NY.

Roper, W.  Health Communication Takes on New Perspectives at CDC.  Public
Health Reports 1993;108(2):179-183.
 
The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research.  The Roper Center collects
and stores public opinion data (e.g., knowledge, attitudes, and some
behaviors or behavioral intentions) collected by a number of survey
organizations.  Contact: 203-486-4440; PO Box 440, Storrs, CT 06268.

Wallack L, Dorfman L, Jernigan D, Themba M, eds.  Media Advocacy and Public
Health, Power for Prevention.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication, 1993.
(fee)

American Social Health Association          919-361-8400

CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse             1-800-458-5231

National Association of People With AIDS    202-898-0414
1413 K Street, N.W., 10th Floor
Washington, DC 20005                    

The Condom Resource Center                  510-891-0455

Look for media resource guides in your public library, including:
    Broadcasting Yearbook       
    Broadcasting Cable Sourcebook
    Television Factbook
    Ayer's and Bacon's Directories


                                Evaluation

Academy for Educational Development.  Handbook for HIV Prevention Community
Planning.  Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. April 1994.

Coyle SL, Boruch RF, Turner CF, Eds. Evaluating AIDS Prevention Programs.
Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press, 1989.

D'Augelli AR, Kennedy SP.  An Evaluation of AIDS Prevention Brochures for
University Women and Men.  AIDS Education and Prevention 1989;1(2):134-140.

Kelly JA, et al. HIV Risk Behavior Reduction Following Intervention with
Key Opinion Leaders of Population:  An Experimental Analysis.  American
Journal of Public Health 1991;81(2):168.

Kirby D, Harvey PD, Claussenius D, Novar M.  A Direct Mailing to Teenage
Males About Condom Use:  Its Impact on Knowledge, Attitudes and Sexual
Behavior.  Family Planning Perspectives 1989;21(1):12-18.

Kroger F, Yarber WL.  STD Content in School Health Textbooks:  An
Evaluation Using the Worth Assessment Procedure.  Journal of School Health
1984;54(1):41-44.

National Center for Prevention Services.  Planning and Evaluating HIV/AIDS
Prevention Programs in State and Local Health Departments: A Companion
Guide to Program Announcement #300.  Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, August 1993.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Report of the NIAID
Study Group on Integrated Behavioral Research for Prevention and Control of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1990;17(4):
200-210.

Robinson J III. Criteria for the Selection and Use of Health Education
Reading Materials.  Health Education 1988;19(4):31-34.

Rugg DL, et al. AIDS Prevention Evaluation:  Conceptual and Methodological
Issues.  Evaluation and Program Planning 1990;13:79-89.

Rugg DL.  Evaluating AIDS Prevention Programs.  Focus 1990;5(3):1-2.

Scrimshaw SCM, Carballo M, Ramos L, Blair BA.  The AIDS Rapid
Anthropological Assessment Procedures:  A Tool for Health Education
Planning and Evaluation.  Health Education Quarterly  1991;18(1):111-123.

The United States Conference of Mayors.  Evaluation for HIV/AIDS Prevention
Programs: Gathering Evidence to Demonstrate Results. Washington, DC: U.S.
Conference of Mayors, December 1990.

Valentine, Jo. Planning and Conducting Street Outreach Process Evaluation.
Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral and
Prevention Research Branch, Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and
HIV Prevention, National Center for Prevention Services, March 1994.  

Zimet GD, et al. Adolescent's Knowledge and Beliefs About AIDS:  Did the
Government Brochure Help?  American Journal of Diseases of Children 1989;
143(5):518.


                Behavioral Risk Factors and Groups at Risk

Aral SO, Soskoline V, Joesoef RM, O'Reilly KR. Sex Partner Recruitment as
Risk Factor for STD:  Clustering of Risky Modes.  Sexually Transmitted
Diseases 1991;18(1):10-17.

Cates W.  Teenagers and Sexual Risk Taking:  The Best of Times and the
Worst of Times.  Journal of Adolescent Health 1991;12(2):84-94.

Cooper F, Bye L.  AIDS Education Programs for Teenagers:  Factors that
Influence Behavior Change.  Educator 1989;Summer:4-8.

Dawson DA, Hardy AM.   National Center for Health Statistics. AIDS
Knowledge and Attitudes of Hispanic Americans:  Provisional Data From the
1988 National Health Interview Survey. Advance Data,  Washington, DC: US
Department of Health and Human Services, 1989;No.166.

DesJarlais DC, Friedman SR. The Psychology of Preventing AIDS Among
Intravenous Drug Users, A Social Learning Conceptualization.  American
Psychologist 1988;43(11):865-870.

Kegeles SM, Adler NE, Irwin Jr. CE. Adolescents and Condoms: Associations
of Beliefs With Intentions to Use.  American Journal of Diseases of
Children 1989;143:911-915.

Kelly JA et al. Situational Factors Associated with AIDS Risk Behavior
Lapses and Coping Strategies Used by Gay Men Who Successfully Avoid Lapses. 
American Journal of Public Health 1991;81:1335.

Magura S et al. Correlates of Participation in AIDS Education and HIV
Antibody Testing by Methadone Patients.  Public Health Reports 1989;104(3):
231-240.

Magura S et al. Determinants of Needle Sharing Among Intravenous Drug
Users.  American Journal of Public Health 1989;79(4):459-461.

Marin G, Van Oss Marin B. Perceived Credibility of Channels and Sources of
AIDS Information Among Hispanics.  AIDS Education and Prevention 1990;2(2):
154-161.

Marx, R et al. Crack, Sex, and STD.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1991;18(2):92-101.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Report of the NIAID
Study Group on Integrated Behavioral Research for Prevention and Control of
Sexually Transmitted Diseases.  Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1990;17(4):200-210.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Community-Based AIDS Prevention:  Studies
of Intravenous Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners. Rockville, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1991.

Rickert VI, Jay MS, Gottlieb A. Effects of a Peer-Counseled AIDS Education
Program on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Satisfaction of Adolescents. Journal
of Adolescent Health 1991; 12(1):38-43.

Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman C.  Sexual Risk Behaviors, AIDS Knowledge, and
Beliefs About AIDS Among Runaways.  American Journal of Public Health
1991;81(2):208-210.

Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman C, Haignere C, Davies M.  Reducing HIV Sexual
Risk Behaviors Among Runaway Adolescents.  Journal of the American Medical
Association 1991;266(9):1237-1241.

Stall RD et al.  Behavioral Risk-reduction for HIV Infection Among Gay and
Bisexual Men:  A Review of Results From the United States.  American
Psychologist 1988;43(11):878-885.

Sullivan C.  Pathways to Infection: AIDS Vulnerability Among the Navaho. 
AIDS 1991;3:241.

Valdiserri RO, Arena VC, Proctor D, Bonati FA.  The Relationship Between
Women's Attitudes About Condoms and Their Use: Implications for Condom
Promotion Programs.  American Journal of Public Health 1989;79(4):499-501.

de Zalduondo BO.  Prostitution Viewed Cross-Culturally:  Toward
Recontextualizing Sex Work in AIDS Intervention Research.  Journal of Sex
Research 1991;28(2):223-248. 

Zimet GD et al. Adolescent's Knowledge and Beliefs About AIDS: Did the
Government Brochure Help?  American Journal of Diseases of Children
1989;143(5):518.

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